Analyses Of Foraminifers Microfauna AS Environmental Bioindicators In Kotok Besar, Kotok Kecil And Karang Bongkok Islands, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta Province

Kepulauan Seribu is a well-known destination of marine tourism in Indonesia. Inevitably, the place has been affected by human activities. Hence it is important to preserve and conserve the area so as it is still suitable for reef community to grow and develop. One of the methods to evaluate the feasibility for reef environment is calculated by FoRAM Index (FI) values. Benthic foraminifera as a tool for environmental bioindicators were collected from 15 marine surface sediment samples in the vicinity areas of Kotok Besar, Kotok Kecil and Karang Bongkok islands in Kepulauan Seribu to assess the FI values. Approximately 20 genera of benthic foraminifera were found in the study area. The genera are dominated by Amphistegina and Calcarina along with Operculina, Quinqueloculina, Peneroplis, and Discorbis. The finding signifies reef flat environment as the dominant morphology, although the presence of fore slope is also observed particularly at the western part of Kotok Besar island. The assemblages of Operculina and Quinqueloculina suggest that the abundance of benthic foraminifera is influenced not only by the morphology of seafloor, but also by tidal current and terrestrial influence. The FI formula using foraminifers found in the study area results values above 4, thus the area can be reviewed as a decent environment for reef growth and development. Keywords: benthic foraminifera; bioindicator; FoRAM Index; coral community; seafloor morphology Kepulauan Seribu terkenal sebagai tujuan wisata laut di Indonesia, sehingga dapat dipastikan tempat ini dipengaruhi oleh aktifitas manusia. Oleh sebab itu sangat penting untuk menjaga dan melindungi kelestarian lingkungannya sehingga tetap cocok bagi komunitas karang untuk hidup dan berkembang. Salah satu metode untuk mengevaluasi kelayakan lingkungan terumbu adalah dengan menghitung nilai FoRAM Index (FI). Untuk analisis ini, foraminifera bentik dikoleksi dari 15 sampel sedimen permukaan laut dari daerah sekitar Pulau Kotok Besar, Kotok Kecil dan Pulau Karang Bongkok di Kepulauan Seribu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sekitar 20 genera foraminifera bentik yang ditemukan di daerah penelitian. Foraminifera didominasi oleh Amphistegina dan Calcarina, sedangkan jenis lain yang juga cukup berlimpah adalah Operculina, Quinqueloculina, Peneroplis, dan Discorbis. Hal ini menunjukkan lokasi penelitian memiliki jenis morfologi rataan karang sebagai morfologi dominan, walaupun kehadiran lereng karang (fore slope) juga teramati terutama pada bagian barat pulau Kotok Besar. Distribusi kelimpahan Operculina dan Quinqueloculina menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan foraminifera bentik selain dipengaruhi oleh morfologi dasar laut juga dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut dan pengaruh terestrial. Hasil perhitungan FI berdasarkan foraminifera di wilayah penelitian menunjukkan nilai FI > 4 sehingga daerah ini dapat ditinjau sebagai lingkungan yang layak untuk pertumbuhan karang dan perkembangannya

Diat and Peace Money in the Crime of Culpable Homicide

Islamic Law and Indonesian Criminal Law place compensation as an essential part of criminal liability. The fundamental difference is that compensation is primary in Islamic law, while positive law is an alternative. This paper examines and compares the application of the theory of diat and compensation in the crime of culpable homicide. The writing is framed with a normative-empirical approach, with data sources from books and court decisions. The results of the study show three things: First, diat and peace are different conceptions. Diat refers to property given in exchange for a slain soul, while peace is given as a compensation fee and as an effort to forgive. Second, the amount of compensation in the diat is regulated in detail with a certain nominal. At the same time, positive law is an agreement considering the perpetrator's ability. Third, compensation in the diat is an inspiration for developing legal theories such as restitutive justice, which emphasizes the importance of forgiveness and reconciliation between two parties. Research suggestions so that the diat theory can be developed into modern law so that it can be an inspiration for lawmakers so that in its application, the diat theory can be a reason for the abolition of crimes, not limited to leniency

Elemental Analysis on Marine Sediments Related to Depositional Environment of Bangka Strait

Study of elemental composition in sediment has been proven useful in interpreting the depositional environmental changes. Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) is a non-destructive analysis that measures several parameters in sediment core including magnetic susceptibility and elemental composition. Magnetic susceptibility and elemental analysis were measured in four selected marine sediment cores from western part of Bangka Strait (MBB-67. MBB-119, MBB-120 and MBB-173) by using magnetic susceptibility and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) sensors attached to the MSCL. The data was collected within 2 cm interval. Scatter plots of Y/Zr and Zr/Ti show singular trend demonstrated by sediments from MBB-173 and two groups that composed of MBB-67 (Group 1) and MBB-119 + MBB-120 (Group 2). MBB-67 that is located adjacent to Klabat Granite shows upward changes in mineralogy, slight increase of grain size and negligible change in Y concentration. Cores MBB-119 and MBB-120 are inferred to be deposited during regression that resulted in the accummulation of Y-bearing zircon in MBB-119 before the mineral could reach MBB-120. Core MBB-173 is interpreted to be the product of plagioclase weathering that is submerged by rising sea level. This core contains a horizon of rich Y-bearing zircon at 60 cm.Keywords: Multi Sensor Core Logger, X-Ray Fluorescence, magnetic susceptibility, depositional environment, Bangka Island Studi tentang komposisi unsur kimia dalam sedimen telah terbukti bermanfaat dalam interpretasi Perubahan lingkungan pengendapan. Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) adalah sebuah analisis yang non-destructive, untuk mengukur beberapa parameter dalam bor sedimen termasuk suseptibilitas magnetik dan kandungan unsur. Suseptibilitas magnetik dan kandungan unsur diukur dari 4 bor sedimen laut yang terpilih di bagian barat Selat Bangka (MBB-67. MBB-119, MBB-120 and MBB-173) dengan menggunakan sensor suseptibilitas magnetik (MS) dan X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) yang terpasang pada MSCL. Pengukuran dilaksanakan dengan interval 2 cm. Plot Y/Zr dan Zr/Ti menunjukkan satu trend yang diperlihatkan oleh sedimen bor MBB-173 dan dua grup yang terdiri atas MBB-67 (Grup 1) dan MBB-119 + MBB-120 (Grup 2). Bor MBB-173 ditafsirkan sebagai hasil pelapukan plagioklas yang kemudian terendam air laut. Bor ini memperlihatkan horizon yang kaya akan zirkon pembawa yttrium pada kedalaman 60 cm

From Ikhtilaf to Eklektisisme: Tracing Qodri Azizy's Evolutionary Perspectives on Islamic Legal Concepts

This article delves into and elucidates the framework of Qodri Azizy's Islamic legal thought as a prominent Muslim intellectual in Indonesia. His contemplations on eclecticism are deemed crucial in the context of national legal development, emerging from specific situations and contexts. The analysis employs normative and hermeneutical approaches, encompassing significant works such as "Ikhtilaf in Islamic Law" and "Reformasi Bermazhab". The idea of eclecticism in Islamic law is understood through Fazlur Rahman's hermeneutics of the double movement. Qodri's thoughts are influenced by his educational environment in the United States, particularly regarding the concepts of ikhtilaf, madhhab, and talfiq. His critique of scholars who neglect the historical understanding of Islamic law results in a perception of legal opinions as unalterable dogma. Qodri asserts that legal opinions from past scholars result from a dialectical process and interaction of ideas, emphasizing their relative nature. In the modern context, Qodri's views remain relevant as he underscores that legal truth is relative, and a process of mutual enrichment (eclecticism) occurs, where seemingly strong opinions are supported by weaker ones

Blasphemy as a Criminal Offence: Legal Transformation in Indonesia from Colonial Era to Modern

This paper was written to answer three important questions, namely knowing the narrative trend and the transformation model for blasphemy offenses in Indonesian legislation. Religious offenses are the only state instrument to crackdown on perpetrators of blasphemy. The implementation of the blasphemy offense in practice has been criticized, especially in relation to human rights violations. The results of this study confirm three things, firstly, religious offenses were first regulated through a Circular Letter of the Supreme Court in 1964 and PNPS Number 1 1965 which were designed to prevent the deviation of religious teachings and to protect religious peace. Blasphemy offenses were included in the Criminal Code in the New Order, then strengthened in the Reformation Era by incorporating blasphemy offenses into Law No. 11 of 2008. Second, the transformation of religious offenses stems from the British code applied in India, adopted by the Dutch colonial government and used in the region. Dutch East Indies because there are many similarities in cultural diversity between India and Indonesia. Third, the conception of religious offenses in KUHP makes religious blasphemy the basis for criminal acts. Religion is not the only element of a crime, but as an element that is an important part of a crime. Implementation of the guarantee of freedom of religion is indeed not easy to do because of differences in the definition of religion and freedom of religion; different definitions of human rights; and differences in the meaning of human rights protection. Tulisan ini ditulis untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan penting, yakni mengetahui tren narasi dan model transformasi tindak pidana penodaan agama dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Delik agama merupakan satu-satunya instrumen negara untuk menindak pelaku penodaan agama. Penerapan tindak pidana penodaan agama dalam praktiknya banyak menuai kritik, terutama terkait dengan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan tiga hal, pertama, delik keagamaan pertama kali diatur melalui Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung tahun 1964 dan PNPS Nomor 1 Tahun 1965 yang dirancang untuk mencegah penyimpangan ajaran agama dan menjaga ketentraman umat beragama. Delik penodaan agama dimasukkan dalam KUHP pada masa Orde Baru, kemudian diperkuat pada Era Reformasi dengan memasukkan delik penodaan agama ke dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008. Kedua, transformasi delik keagamaan bermula dari KUHP Inggris yang diterapkan di India, yang diadopsi oleh KUHP. Pemerintah kolonial Belanda dan digunakan di wilayah tersebut. Hindia Belanda karena banyak kesamaan keanekaragaman budaya antara India dan Indonesia. Ketiga, konsepsi delik agama dalam KUHP menjadikan penodaan agama sebagai dasar tindak pidana. Agama bukan satu-satunya unsur suatu kejahatan, namun sebagai unsur yang menjadi bagian penting dalam suatu kejahatan. Implementasi jaminan kebebasan beragama memang tidak mudah dilakukan karena adanya perbedaan definisi agama dan kebebasan beragama; definisi hak asasi manusia yang berbeda; dan perbedaan makna perlindungan hak asasi manusi