31 research outputs found

    Baseline characteristics by sex and ethnic group: SABRE study 1988–1991.

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    <p>Data presented are unadjusted means (SD) and %, with exception of physical activity and alcohol consumption, presented as medians (interquartile range), due to skewed data (categorical variables were used for ethnic group comparisons). *p<0.05 for group differences with Europeans as reference category. †n = 959, includes only those people born outside the UK/Ireland with complete data (for European group, n = 61). Physical activity measured in megajoules expended per week during leisure time, travel time and sports. Sedentary behaviour measured as television viewing hours per week.</p

    Prevalence (n (%)) of disability outcomes across ethnic groups: SABRE study 2008–2011.

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    <p>Data presented as n (%).*Obtained in clinic attendees only: European men/women, n = 489/135, Indian Asian men/women n = 404/57, African Caribbean men/women n = 106/101. p values represent results from comparison with Europeans using χ2 tests.</p

    Associations between baseline risk factors and locomotor dysfunction at follow-up (age- and sex-adjusted) by ethnic group: Logistic regression analysis in the SABRE study.

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    <p>Data presented as odds ratios (95% confidence intervals). Only includes people with complete questionnaire and locomotor function data (n = 1292). SEP: Socioeconomic position. Age, sedentary behaviour, waist circumference, and body mass index coded as continuous variables. Sex, life-course SEP (reference category: Low childhood and low adult), home tenure (reference category: Do not own home), smoking status (reference category: Never/ex-smoker), physical activity (megajoules per week categorised into quartiles, reference category: Lowest), alcohol intake (reference category: Low), self-rated health (reference category: Very good/good), and baseline coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, asthma and disability (reference category: No prevalent condition) coded as categorical variables.</p

    Graphical representation of the three different treatment stages: Users of GTZ drugs and other antidiabetic drugs classified according to first- or second-line mono- or combination therapy at the index date.

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    <p>For instance, to be a glitazone user in category (2), first-line non-GTZ treatment for diabetes was discontinued after 1999 when a GTZ was prescribed as second-line monotherapy. A patient could be matched to a GTZ user in category (2) if they had received an antidiabetic drug other than a GTZ (for example: Metformin) but stopped using their first-line antidiabetic treatment after 1999 and began taking another drug (for example: Sulfonylurea) as monotherapy after at least 12 months of registered follow-up.</p

    IRR of PD adjusted for potential confounders.

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    <p>* Main analysis: IRR for the association between GTZ use and incident PD using conditional Poisson regression to control for gender, age, practice, and treatment stage</p><p>IRR of PD adjusted for potential confounders.</p

    IRR of PD: GTZ-exposed group versus the other antidiabetic drug-exposed group.

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    <p>* Adjusted for matched variables (age, gender, practice, and treatment stage) by conditional Poisson regression analysis.</p><p>** The rate of PD for current users of GTZ was originally divided into exposed <6 months, 6–12 months, and 1–2 years, but these cells were combined to avoid small cells that could compromise anonymity. The crude rates in these three periods were all similar at between 4.36 and 4.94, so there was no suggestion of important variation in that time period.</p><p>IRR of PD: GTZ-exposed group versus the other antidiabetic drug-exposed group.</p

    Is carotid artery atherosclerosis associated with poor cognitive function assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination? A systematic review and meta-analysis

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    Objectives: To determine associations between carotid atherosclerosis assessed by ultrasound and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a measure of global cognitive function. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched up to 1 May 2020 to identify studies assessed the associations between asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis and the MMSE. Studies reporting OR for associations between carotid plaque or intima-media thickness (cIMT) and dichotomised MMSE were meta-analysed. Publication bias of included studies was assessed. Results: A total of 31 of 378 reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria; together they included 27 738 participants (age 35–95 years). Fifteen studies reported some evidence of a positive association between measures of atherosclerosis and poorer cognitive performance in either cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. The remaining 16 studies found no evidence of an association. Seven cross-sectional studies provided data suitable for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of three studies that assessed carotid plaque (n=3549) showed an association between the presence of plaque and impaired MMSE with pooled estimate for the OR (95% CI) being 2.72 (0.85 to 4.59). An association between cIMT and impaired MMSE was reported in six studies (n=4443) with a pooled estimate for the OR (95% CI) being 1.13 (1.04 to 1.22). Heterogeneity across studies was moderate to small (carotid plaque with MMSE, I2=40.9%; cIMT with MMSE, I2=4.9%). There was evidence of publication bias for carotid plaque studies (p=0.02), but not cIMT studies (p=0.2). Conclusions: There is some, limited cross-sectional evidence indicating an association between cIMT and poorer global cognitive function assessed with MMSE. Estimates of the association between plaques and poor cognition are too imprecise to draw firm conclusions and evidence from studies of longitudinal associations between carotid atherosclerosis and MMSE is limited. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021240077.</p

    Early childhood lower respiratory tract infection and premature adult death from respiratory disease in Great Britain: a national birth cohort study

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    Background: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in early childhood are known to influence lung development and lifelong lung health, but their link to premature adult death from respiratory disease is unclear. We aimed to estimate the association between early childhood LRTI and the risk and burden of premature adult mortality from respiratory disease. Methods: This longitudinal observational cohort study used data collected prospectively by the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development in a nationally representative cohort recruited at birth in March, 1946, in England, Scotland, and Wales. We evaluated the association between LRTI during early childhood (age Findings: 5362 participants were enrolled in March, 1946, and 4032 (75%) continued participating in the study at age 20–25 years. 443 participants with incomplete data on early childhood (368 [9%] of 4032), smoking (57 [1%]), or mortality (18 [ Interpretation: In this prospective, life-spanning, nationally representative cohort study, LRTI during early childhood was associated with almost a two times increased risk of premature adult death from respiratory disease, and accounted for one-fifth of these deaths.</p
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