Mean percentages of bacterial viability in PL-biofilm, as well as intra-mouthrinse and inter-mouthrinse comparisons.

<p>Mean percentages of bacterial viability in PL-biofilm under basal conditions and in the samples collected at 30 seconds and 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours after a single mouthrinse of sterile water and 0.2% Chlorhexidine differentiating between the 3 biofilm layers, as well as intra-mouthrinse and inter-mouthrinse comparisons.</p><p>– Not a statistically significant difference; M-water  =  a single, 30-second mouthrinse with 10 mL of sterile water; M-0.2% CHX  =  A single, 30-second mouthrinse with 10 mL of 0.2% Chlorhexidine; BASAL = Biofilm sample collected under basal conditions; 30 SEC  =  Biofilm sample collected at 30 seconds after the application of the different mouthrinses; 1 H  =  Biofilm sample collected 1 hour after the application of the different mouthrinses; 3 H  =  Biofilm sample collected 3 hours after the application of the different mouthrinses; 5 H  =  Biofilm sample collected 5 hours after the application of the different mouthrinses; 7 H  =  Biofilm sample collected 7 hours after the application of the different mouthrinses; the biofilm maximum thickness of each field was divided into 3 zones or equivalent layers: outer layer (layer 1), middle layer (layer 2) and inner layer (layer 3).</p

Mean values of thickness (µm) in PL-biofilm, as well as the intra-treatment and inter-treatment comparisons.

<p>Mean values of thickness (µm) in PL-biofilm under basal conditions and at 30 seconds and 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours after a single mouthrinse of sterile water and 0.2% Chlorhexidine, as well as the intra-treatment and inter-treatment comparisons.</p><p>– Not a statistically significant difference; M-water  =  a single, 30-second mouthrinse with 10 mL of sterile water; M-0.2% CHX  =  A single, 30-second mouthrinse with 10 mL of 0.2% Chlorhexidine; BASAL = Biofilm sample collected under basal conditions; 30 SEC  =  Biofilm sample collected at 30 seconds after the application of the different mouthrinses; 1 H  =  Biofilm sample collected 1 hour after the application of the different mouthrinses; 3 H  =  Biofilm sample collected 3 hours after the application of the different mouthrinses; 5 H  =  Biofilm sample collected 5 hours after the application of the different mouthrinses; 7 H  =  Biofilm sample collected 7 hours after the application of the different mouthrinses.</p

Individualized splint of the lower arch.

<p>A) Parts of the individualized splint: 1. internal vinyl sheet; 2. polished glass discs; 3. fenestrated external vinyl sheet. B) Clinical view of the individualized splint with the glass discs inserted (arrows).</p

Images representing the changes in bacterial viability in <i>de novo</i> PL-biofilm.

<p>A) Sample collected under basal conditions; B), C), D) Sample collected at 30 seconds, 3 and 7 hours respectively after a single mouthrinse of 0.2% Chlorhexidine.</p

Visualization of channels (A, yellow star) and voids (B, white star) in a single cross sectional plane from X, Y and Z axis images obtained by the CLSM from a baseline sample.

<p>The presence of both channels and voids shows a heterogeneous architecture model.</p

Images representing the changes in bacterial viability in the saliva.

<p>A) Sample collected under basal conditions; B), C), D) Sample collected at 30 seconds, 5 and 7 hours respectively after a single mouthrinse of 0.2% Chlorhexidine.</p

Mean percentages of bacterial viability in saliva and <i>de novo</i> PL-biofilm under basal conditions and at different times after a single mouthrinse of sterile water and 0.2% Chlorhexidine.

<p>A) Intra-mouthrinse differences; B) Inter-mouthrinse differences; C) Inter-ecosystem differences.</p

Number of individuals among test (periodontitis) and control (healthy) groups according to HSP60 levels being undetectable, less or greater than 1000 ng/ml.

<p>Asterisk refers to statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between groups within each category as computed with Chi-square test.</p

Case control study

*<p>Differences were computed with parametric (Independent t-test) or non parametric (Mann-Whitney U-Test) dependent upon the data frequency distribution. Categorical variables were analyzed by Chi-square testing.</p>**<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001198#pone-0001198-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>.</p

Differences in plasma concentrations between patients suffering from periodontitis (N = 80) and age-matched unaffected controls (N = 48).

<p>Boxes refer to the 25^th (bottom) and 75^th (up) percentiles and the median is the large horizontal line, fences refer to the 10^th (lower) and 90^th (upper) percentiles respectively. Open circles represent outliers whereas asterisks stand for extreme observations with the subject number. Statistical differences are computed with Mann-Whitney U-test.</p