Animal cognition researchers’ self-reported concern about bias in animal cognition research (<i>N</i> = 210).

Animal cognition researchers’ self-reported concern about bias in animal cognition research (N = 210).</p

Wild jackdaws, Corvus monedula, recognize individual humans and may respond to gaze direction with defensive behaviour

Predator recognition is a prerequisite for antipredator behaviour. Although species level predator recognition is well documented, there is emerging evidence that some birds, including corvids, can differentiate between individual humans that pose different levels of threat. Other predator cues such as gaze direction may offer additional important information regarding the likelihood of an attack, but it is unknown whether wild animals can integrate information about the individual identity and gaze direction of a predator when perceiving threat levels. Here we measured wild jackdaws' responses to human head orientation, directed towards or away from their nestbox containing chicks. To test whether aversive responses to gaze direction were integrated with information about human identity, the human presenting gaze cues wore one of two masks: a 'threatening' mask that had previously been worn when handling the jackdaws' chicks and a 'neutral mask' that had previously been worn when walking by, but not disturbing the nest. Latency to return to the nestbox was significantly higher when the threatening mask rather than the neutral mask was worn, but it was not influenced by head direction. However, once a jackdaw landed outside the nestbox, there was a nonsignificant trend for it to be quicker to enter the box when the human was gazing towards, rather than away from the box. These results indicate that wild jackdaws can recognize different individual humans and thus differentiate between those wearing a threatening and a neutral mask, and respond defensively by guarding their chicks from potential threat. Jackdaws may integrate both predator identity and gaze cues; however, predation risk is primarily perceived through individual human recognition

Animal cognition researchers’ perceptions of a replication crisis in the discipline, and their ability to identity studies that would not replicate, N = 210.

Animal cognition researchers’ perceptions of a replication crisis in the discipline, and their ability to identity studies that would not replicate, N = 210.</p

The statistics questions.

The statistics questions.</p

Animal cognition researchers’ reports of the role of science and daily experience in shaping their beliefs about animals’ cognition.

N = 210. Top: Answers to individual questions on the role of experience and science. Bottom: Researchers’ responses about the relative role of science and experience. Each dot represents one researcher’s response. with boxplots showing the median and inter-quartile ranges laid underneath.</p

Animal cognition researchers’ tendency to agree with the conclusions of papers in their own and other areas of research.

N = 210.</p

Animal cognition researchers’ beliefs about overclaiming and underclaiming when submitting research articles for publication, N = 210.

Animal cognition researchers’ beliefs about overclaiming and underclaiming when submitting research articles for publication, N = 210.</p

Animal cognition researchers’ endorsement of Morgan’s canon (N = 210).

Animal cognition researchers’ endorsement of Morgan’s canon (N = 210).</p

Animal cognition researchers’ perceptions of the frequency and importance of replication studies in the discipline, N = 210.

Animal cognition researchers’ perceptions of the frequency and importance of replication studies in the discipline, N = 210.</p

The number of papers published and years active in animal cognition of the 210 researchers completing the survey.

The number of papers published and years active in animal cognition of the 210 researchers completing the survey.</p