PEMETAAN KEMASAMAN TANAH DAN KEBUTUHAN KAPUR PADA BEBERAPA PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI KECAMATAN KEUMALA KABUPATEN PIDIE

Kemasaman tanah merupakan salah satu sifat yang penting, sebab terdapat hubungan pH dengan ketersediaan unsur hara juga terdapat beberapa hubungan antara pH dengan sifat-sifat tanah. Untuk mendapatkan kemasaman tanah di lapangan diperlukan peta pengambilan sampel. Setelah mendapatkan peta kemasaman tanah diperlukan adanya analisis kebutuhan kapur sehingga memperoleh hasil yang baik untuk perubahan kemasaman tanah menjadi netral. Untuk menetralkannya diperlukan pengapuran tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebaran kemasaman tanah di Kecamatan Keumala sekaligus mengetahui kebutuhan kapur di lahan pertanian. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Keumala Kabupaten Pidie. Penelitian ini adalah metode grid yaitu dengan pengambilan sampel tanah pada luas 1 km2 per titik sampel dengan menggunakan bor tanah dan menggunakan GPS untuk menuju ke titik koordinat sampel tanah yang telah ditentukan. Dalam metode ini, pengamatan dilakukan dalam pola teratur pada interval titik pengamatan yang berjarak sama dalam kedua arah. Hasil analisis pH tanah di Kecamatan Keumala terdiri atas tiga kategori yaitu agak masam dengan pH berkisar (5,6-6,5), netral dengan pH berkisar (6,6-7,5), dan agak alkalis dengan pH berkisar (7,6-8,5). Sebaran luas areal lahan berdasarkan nilai pH tanah adalah lahan dengan pH agak masam seluas 171,05 ha, pH netral seluas 551,88 ha dan pH agak alkalis seluas 4.162,94 ha. Tanah pada Kecamatan Keumala tidak membutuhkan kapur dikarenakan hasil pH tanah yang telah di uji di laboratorium didapatkan hasil, yaitu pH tanah yang ada di lahan tersebut adalah agak masam, netral dan agak alkalis, sedangkan yang mendominasi adalah pH agak alkalis. Hasil Al-dd tidak didapatkan pada saat uji di laboratorium tersebut. Kata Kunci: Kebutuhan Kapur, Kemasaman Tanah, Peta

Comparisons Of Membership Functions For Fuzzy Rules

Different methodologies have been used to design and model a system which having the ability to make decision in uncertain and indecisive situation. In this paper we present the comparisons of membership and reduced membership functions for fuzzy rules. A model of different fuzzy rules is designed for three membership functions (mf) and then reduced the fuzzy rules by reducing the mf.

Systolic blood pressure on admission, clinical characteristics and mortality in patients hospitalised for acute coronary syndrome at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine Johannesburg, 2014INTRODUCTION Ischaemic heart disease has been regarded as one of the most common causes of hospital admission and mortality worldwide. In Africa, it has been estimated as the eighth most common cause of death, a continent that was previously said to have immunity from the disease. In order to make an informed decision with regard to the appropriate and necessary therapy for patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), an assessment of common and easily identifiable poor prognostic factors of the disease is advocated. Studies done mostly outside Africa have identified the clinical parameters such as: increased heart rate and lower systolic blood pressure on admission among others as poor prognostic factors of mortality among patients admitted with ACS. This study aimed to determine the relationship of SBP on admission, clinical characteristics and mortality among patients admitted with ACS at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH). METHODS Patients aged 18 years and above admitted at the Cardiology Division CMJAH, with the diagnosis of ACS between the period of January 2010 and December 2012 were recruited for this study. All data with regard to clinical characteristics, investigations, medical as well as interventional therapies done to the patients were obtained from the database unit of the Cardiology Division. Those patients with missing information from the database had their record retrieved from the main Records department of the hospital. Patients were classified into 4 quartiles based on admitting systolic blood pressure (SBP) as follows: SBP <100mmHg, SBP 100-129mmHg (Normal), SBP 130-139 mmHg (pre-hypertension) and SBP ≥140mmHg (hypertension). RESULTS A total of 658 consecutive patients with the diagnosis of ACS admitted to the cardiology division of CMJAH were recruited during the two-and-half year study period with a prevalence of 21.8%. However, only 613 patients had completed data retrieved from their records and were used for this study. The patients consisted of 451 males (73.6%) and 162 females (26.4%), with male-to-female ratio of 2.8:1. The mean age of patients in this study was 58.88 ±12.52, with the mean age of 57.39±11.96 and 63.01±12.62 for male and female respectively. Females were significantly older than males in this study (p <0.0001). Four racial groups consisting of Black, Coloured, White and Indian were identified from the study. The White group dominated the racial groups with 334 patients (55%) followed by Black group with 134 patients (22%). Patients who presented with higher SBP on admission were more likely to be smokers, hypertensives and had higher serum lipid. Those with SBP <100mmHg had significantly higher frequency of Killip class ≥3 and higher mean heart rate. Admitting SBP was not significantly different among the 4 racial groups, gender and presenting age. Of the 613 patients, 27 died, contributing a mortality rate of 4.4%. After multiple logistic regression analysis, patients with SBP ≤100mmHg and those >65years of age had more than 2/double the times risk of death compared to others. The risk of death was more than 4 to 5 fold higher among those with Killip class 3-4 and those in atrial fibrillation (AF) respectively. Those with heart rate (HR) ≥96bpm and Haemoglobin (Hb) level of <11.4mg/dl had more than 2 and 4 times risk of death respectively. On the other hand, those that received higher number of drugs, with a proven medical benefit (Optimal medical therapy) had a better chance of survival compared to those who did not receive such optimal medical therapy. CONCLUSION In this study, there were more male than female, with females being significantly older. Patients who presented with lower SBP levels were more likely to be in higher Killip class and had higher mean heart rate, while those with higher SBP levels were more likely to be hypertensives, smokers and had higher serum lipid levels. Lower SBP, advanced age, higher Killip class, AF, higher HR and lower Hb level were found to be positive predictors of mortality, while optimal medical therapy was positive predictor of survival

KESULITAN SISWA DALAM MENULIS KATA di MIN 9 BANDA ACEH

Learning to write words to students is taught in grade one with the aim that students recognize letters to make it easier to learn to read and spell and many students now we see many who cannot write words well at all even though students now get a lot of convenience in obtaining information through various digital tools. Therefore, they are used to seeing and hearing through audio-visual media compared to reading so that this habit makes some students less interested in writing because they are not used to processing information and putting it in writing so that it can make students difficult to write words, especially at MIN 9 Banda Aceh. Therefore, the study wanted to examine the difficulties experienced by students in writing words at MIN 9 Banda Aceh City with the aim of research to determine the difficulties experienced by students in writing words with a qualitative approach to research. So, the results of the research show that students do not have spaces in writing words that cause writing that is not clearly legible and there are also students who still write through the lines of the book and there are still students who write without using punctuation marks so that students write wrong letters and many missed letters in writing