The Influence of Marketing Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility on E-loyalty: A Review

In recent years consumers have become more aware of what they buy and consume (Deloitte 2020; 2021), consequently becoming more demanding as to which brand’s product or services they choose to buy. Alongside, due to the mass market evolution and consumptions rising, consumers have gained more power than before (Freire de Mello and de Paula 2019) while with technological developments becoming increasingly accessible, it has become more popular to shop online. This has made it difficult for marketers to reach their consumers; as it has become easier for consumers to compare competitive products, services, and brands online and further leading to customer empowerment. As sustainability becomes more and more a household word, many consumers are becoming active contributors for change, and expecting businesses to help build a better and sustainable future for them (Deloitte 2021). With the preponderance of the digital marketplace, issues related to ethics are also arising, in areas such as online auctions (Kracher and Corritore 2004) and e-commerce (Marcoux 2003). Against this backdrop, this paper explores the relationship between marketing ethics, corporate social responsibility, and consumer e-loyalty. The specific research question arrived at is ‘Do firms that behave ethically correct and socially responsible in their marketing practices affect consumer e-loyalty?’ Firms’ marketing ethics and social responsibility (CSR) are independent constructs, particularly in practice (Ferrell et al. 2019; Weller 2017); they are however interrelated as studies have shown that firms that make ethical decisions and pay heed to social responsibilities enjoy increased perceptions of sustainability (Ferrell and Ferrell 2021; Schwartz and Carroll 2008). Conversely, with a much larger information permeation than ever before, unethical conducts and practices can also lead to larger social and economic costs for a firm (Wade 2020). While there is no universal definition of what marketing ethics is (or is not) (Schlegelmilch and Öberseder 2010), this paper adopts (Laczniak 1983; 2012)’s definition of ethics as the moral standards that are applied to marketing decisions, behaviors and institutions; and proposes a research model integrating CSR and marketing ethics as two of the factors of attitudinal (during-purchase) loyalty to enhance behavioral loyalty among digital consumers. Further research is outlined for empirical testing to find the veracity of the claims.publishedVersio

Regional determinants of access to entrepreneurial finance: a conceptualisation and empirical study in Norwegian startup ecosystems

This paper presents hypotheses and a novel examination of the influence of a set of conditional factors concerning regional industries, startup culture, ecosystem collaboration and non-financial investor resources on perceived access to startup finance. We conducted a survey of 131 nascent, early-phase or mature startups and founders associated with entrepreneurial ecosystems in rural and urban Norway. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Two main findings are that (1) startups that open up for outside involvement at an earlier phase experience better perceived access to finance and (2) unrelated ventures in homogenous industrial regions find it harder to attract finance. However, we found only a weak, indirect effect of ecosystem collaboration on perceived access to funding, which was mediated by access to non-financial resources. This study represents a rare empirical contribution to the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems, and the findings provide empirical support for the feedback loops in ecosystems that have previously been theorized in the literature. These issues should be considered by policymakers who wish to promote ecosystem development.publishedVersionPaid open acces

Rare Kaon Decays: Matching Long And Short Distance Physics In K - > Pi e+ e-

In this thesis we try to understand the non-perturbative regime of QCD through long and short distance matching of the decay amplitude K->pi e^+ e^-. The first Chapter contains brief introduction and motivation then in the end we introduce the notations and transformation properties of various quantities and tables of phenomenological parameters. In the second chapter we discuss the Chiral Symmetry and its breaking and the construction of Delta S = 0,1 Lagrangians. Then we apply chiral Lagrangian to calculate the amplitude of K^+ -> pi^+ pi^- decay at one loop in section of the second chapter, the approach is a little bit different than that of Ecker, Pick and Raffael but a few tricks introduced by them were used. In section 2.7.3 we introduce the beyond leading order dispersive calculation of the same decay by D'Ambrosio et al. where the phenomenological parameters a_i and b_i (that completely fixes the form factor of the decay under study) were introduced and were predicted in the last chapter. In chapter 3 we start with a brief discussion of long and short distance matching of QCD and the calculation of Wilson coefficients. Then we introduce in reasonable detail the Bardeen, Buras and G`erard (BBG) scheme of matching which plays the central role in our work. In the last chapter we apply BBG scheme to calculate the form factor of the deacy K -> pi e^+ e^-, first in section 4.0.6 without vector meson resonances and find values which are extremely small compared to the experimental values then in section 4.1 we introduce the resonances through Hidden Local Symmetry (HLS) and construct the weak chiral Lagrangian containing vector coupling based on the Gilman-Wise Delta S = 1 Hamiltonian, we then use it to calculate the appropriate extension of the BBG long distane evolution operator introduced in chapter 3 and calculate the a_i and b_i parameters. Vector inclusion shows huge enhancements in both parameters. We provide detailed evaluations of the loop integrals in Appendix B, Feynman rules and other conventions are presented in Appendix A and in Appendix C we present the large N structure of relevant Wilson coefficients. Notations, symbols and transformation properties of quantities along with various phenomenological parameters and their values are provided in the end of the introductory chapter

The Child Health Scenario in India: An Application of Bayesian Approach

Background: The child mortality rate of a place is an indication of the basic health facility prevalent there. A place with better medical facility records low child mortality. The child mortality rate reduction is not as expected in many developing countries. In last two decades the child death rate has not been reduced significantly in India. The aim of this work is to explore the child death rate in different Indian states. Materials and Methods: The Bayesian approach has been applied to control the over dispersion due to presence of zero (i.e. no-death count) in the data set. The Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP) has been applied to control the presence of over the Zero Inflation Distribution. The data set has been considered from Indian National Health and Family Survey (NFHS-3) conducted during 2005-2006. The women having at least one living child of age less than five years has been selected as study subjects

Dependent Prior: An Application in Spinal Anaesthesia Drug Therapy on SBP in Cesarean patients.

<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="color: #222222;">Cesarean section is widely used operation procedure in the world. The regional anesthesia is preferred than general anesthesia. The risk of fetus is higher in general than in regional anesthesia. The drug treatment effect on regional anesthesia plays an important role to control the systolic blood pressure (SBP) during the surgery. The goal of this work is to know the effective drug to control the SBP among cesarean anesthetic patients. The dependent prior with Bayesian approach is applied in the binary response data set. The secondary data in anesthesia has been applied to compare the two drug treatments, viz. (1) Phenylephrine and (2) Ephedrine, in cesarean patients with spinal anesthesia. In both drug groups the mean of SBP has been found controlled over the duration of the surgery. No rapid changes of SBP level among the patients are observed. At the end of study it is found that the means of SBP cesarean anesthetic patients are found higher in Phenylephrine group. The Bayesian dependent prior is found to offer effective tool for drug treatment effect comparison. The drug treatment effect Ephedrine is found to be more effective to control the SBP over the duration of surgery than Phenylephrine.</span></p

Effect of Correlation Structure in Generalized Estimating Equation and Quasi Least Square: An Application in Type 2 Diabetes Patient

The Quasi-Least Squares (QLS) is useful for different correlation structure with attachment of Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE). The purpose of this work is to compare the regression parameter in the presence of different correlation structure with respect to GEE and QLS method. The comparison of estimated regression parameter has been performed in clinical trial data set; studying the effect of drug treatment (metformin with pioglitazone) Vs (gliclazide with pioglitazone) in type 2 diabetes patients. In case of QLS, the correlation coefficient of post-parandinal blood sugar (PPBS) under tridiagonal correlation is 0.008 while it failed to produce by GEE. It has been found that the combination of metformin with pioglitazone is more effective as compared to the combination of gliclazide with pioglitazone

Event-image og destinasjonsimage, ein studie av Ekstremsportveko på Voss

Artikkelen drøftar kva effekt event-image kan ha på imaget til ein destinasjon, og bygger på ei kvantitativ undersøking av tidlegare deltakarar på Ekstremsportveko på Voss. Resultatet syner at opplevinga av festivalen blir sterkast påverka av infrastruktur og fysiske fasilitetar, etterfølgt av tenesteoppleving. For å styrke event-image bør ein ha infrastruktur og service i fokus, og dette vil også kunne gje eit betre destinasjonsimage for staden kor festivalen blir gjennomført på.publishedVersio

Investigation of the potentiality of five bamboo species in biorefinery through analysis of chemical profiles

Determination of the chemical composition of biomaterial is important for their valued utilization in biorefinery. In this study, the chemical composition of five bamboo species, i.e., mitinga (Bambusa tulda), borak (Bambusa balcooa), rengoon (Thyrsostachys oliveri), orah (Dendrocalamus longispathus), and bajja (Bambusa vulgaris) were determined. The chemical characterization of these bamboo species can expedite a further study on the extraction of cellulose and lignin. alpha-cellulose content was in the range of 42.7-45.7% and Klason lignin content was 22.4-28.2%. The ash content was 1.8-4.3% for the studied five bamboo species. The alpha-cellulose and lignin content were similar to other non-timber spices. The ash content was lower than other non-timber species. Therefore, these species can be a potential source of raw material for biorefinery

Investigation of the chemical profiles of seven wood species for their potential applications

Determination of the chemical composition of biomaterial is important for their valued utilization in biorefinery. In this study, the chemical composition of seven wood species, i.e. lambu (Khaya anthotheca), raj-koroi (Albizia richardiana), jhau (Casuarina equisetifolia), sil-koroi (Albizia procera), katbadam (Terminalia catappa), jolpai (Elaeocarpus robustus), and arjun (Terminalia arjuna) were examined. The chemical characterization of these wood species can expedite a further study on the extraction of cellulose, lignin, and extractive. alpha-cellulose content was in the range of 37.0% to 42.1% and lignin content was 20.4% to 34.1%. The solubility in 1% caustic soda was 16.1% to 24.3%. The a-cellulose and lignin content were similar to other wood species. Therefore, these species can be a potential source of raw material for biorefinery