6 research outputs found

    The efficiency of different types of wood charcoal on increasing carbon content on surfaces of low carbon steel in the pack carburizing process

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    The purpose of this research is to compare the efficiency of five types of wood charcoal, eucalyptus, coconut shell, tamarind, bamboo and cassava root in increasing carbon content on surfaces of low carbon steel by the pack carburizing process. The experiment for pack carburized low carbon steel (grade AISI 1020) was conducted by using the different wood charcoals as carburizers, mixed with 10% limestone (by weight) as the energizer. The carburizing temperature of 950°C, and carburizing times of 2, 4 and 6 hours were used in the experiment. After grinding, the specimens in each case were checked for carbon content by optical emission spectroscopy. Micro-Vickers hardness testing and microstructure inspections were carried out. The results of the experiment showed that the efficiency of eucalyptus charcoal as the carburizer (for increasing carbon content on surfaces of low carbon steel) was higher than that of tamarind, cassava root, coconut shell and bamboo charcoals. The averages for carbon content were: 1.16, 1.06, 0.97, 0.83 and 0.77% respectively

    Optimum factors between carburizing Temperature and Time in Hardening Big Knife by Pack Carburizing Process Using Periwinkle Shells as an Energizer

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    āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ“āļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ”āđ‚āļ•āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‡āļāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļšāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ‹āļīāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļŦāļ­āļĒāļ‚āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļē āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ”āđ‚āļ•āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ—āļ āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļ”āđ‚āļ•āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ•āļĩāļĄāļĩāļ” āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ 607.0 HV āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ—āļāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ 14.0 Joules āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ”āđ‚āļ•āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‡āļāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļšāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ‹āļīāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļāļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™āļ•āđˆāļģāļ•āļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļđāļ›āļ—āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļĄāļĩāļ”āđ‚āļ•āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļœāļ‡āļ–āđˆāļēāļ™āđ„āļĄāđ‰āļĒāļđāļ„āļēāļĨāļīāļ›āļ•āļąāļŠāļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ 80% āļœāļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļœāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļŦāļ­āļĒāļ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ 20% āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ­āļšāļŠāļļāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ (DOE) āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2 āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ­āļļāļ“āļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ­āļšāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ 3 āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 960, 980 āđāļĨāļ° 1,000 āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļēāđ€āļ‹āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļŠ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ‡ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ­āļšāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ 3 āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 60, 90 āđāļĨāļ° 120 āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ­āļšāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™āļ—āļģāļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļģāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđ„āļ›āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ­āļļāļ“āļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ­āļ­āļŠāđ€āļ—āđ„āļ™āļ•āđŒ 780 āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļēāđ€āļ‹āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļŠ āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ­āļšāđāļŠāđˆ 15 āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāļˆāļļāđˆāļĄāļŠāļļāļšāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ—āļģāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļžāļ­āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļļāļ“āļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļī 180 āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļēāđ€āļ‹āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļŠ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 60 āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩ āļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ“āļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ­āļšāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™ āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1,000 āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļēāđ€āļ‹āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļŠ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™ āļ„āļ·āļ­ 96.1 āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ 606.9 HV āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ—āļāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ 24.8 Joules āļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āļœāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļļāļ“āļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ­āļšāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ 610.2 HV āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ—āļāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ 21.6 Joules āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ•āļĩāļĄāļĩāļ”The objective of this research was to study the optimum factors between carburizing temperature and time affecting the mechanical properties of hardened big knives hardened by carburizing process using periwinkle shells as an energizer. The mechanical properties which consisted of hardness and impact values were studied. These properties from the experiment were used for comparison with the mechanical property values delivered from the knife forging community, whereby the average hardness value was 607.0 HV and the average impact value was 14.0 Joules. The experiment was conducted by forging big knives from low carbon steel with the similar shape and size as those fabricated by the knife-forging community. The pack carburizing compound consisted of 80% eucalyptus wood charcoal powder as carburizer and 20% periwinkle shells powder by weight as energizer. The principle of design of experiment (DOE) was used to design the experiment and the optimization was statistically analyzed. The two optimized factors in this study consisted of carburizing temperature and carburizing time. The carburizing temperature consisted of three levels i.e. 960, 980 and 1,000 degree Celsius. The carburizing time consisted of three levels i.e. 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The experimental steps were as follows; the knives were carburized then austenitized at 780 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes and quenched in water. After that, the knives were tempered at 180 degree Celsius for 60 minutes. The analyzed results showed that the optimum carburizing temperature was 1,000 degrees Celsius and the optimum carburizing time was 96.1 minutes. The two factors provided the average hardness of 606.9 HV and the average impact value of 24.8 Joules. The optimum values of carburizing temperature and time were verified. The verification results revealed average hardness of 610.2 HV and the average impact value of 21.6 Joules, which coincided with the scope of the mechanical properties of forged and hardened knives from the fabricated community

    āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđ‡āļŠāđ„āļ™āđ‚āļ•āļĢāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļšāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ‹āļīāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļāļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļŠāļđāļ‡āđ€āļāļĢāļ” SKH51Effect of Gas Nitrocarburizing Process on Hardening of High Speed Tool Steel Grade SKH51

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    āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđŠāļŠāđ„āļ™āđ‚āļ•āļĢāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļšāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ‹āļīāļ‡ (Gas Nitrocarburizing) āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļāļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļŠāļđāļ‡ (SKH51) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ (Hardening) āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļšāļ„āļ·āļ™āđ„āļŸ (Tempering) āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļŠāļļāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ (āļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļ·āļ™āđ„āļŸ 2 āļĢāļ­āļš āđāļĨāļ° 3 āļĢāļ­āļš) āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ™āđ‚āļ•āļĢāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļšāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ‹āļīāļ‡ āļˆāļēāļāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ™āđ‚āļ•āļĢāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļšāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ‹āļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļīāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ 4.4 āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļŠāļļāļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 1.4 āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļœāļīāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļŠāļļāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļšāļ„āļ·āļ™āđ„āļŸ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĒāļąāļ‡āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļļāļ“āļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ™āđ‚āļ•āļĢāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļšāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ‹āļīāļ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āđāļ—āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļ·āļ™āđ„āļŸāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļŠāļļāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡In this study, effect of nitrocarburizing process on hardened and tempered high speed tool steel (SKH51) by difference heat treatment processes (tempering 2 cycles and 3 cycles before nitrocarburizing process) were studied. The results showed that nitrocarburizing process gave a higher surface hardness approximately 4.4 times compare to non-heat treatment or approximately 1.4 times compare to hardened and tempered specimen. In addition, the nitrocarburizing process can be used instead of a tempering process. Therefore, heat treatment process and the production cost can be reduced by nitrocarburizing process

    The effects of energizer and carburizing temperature and time on mechanical properties of hardened big knives in the pack carburizing process

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    The purpose of this research is to study the effects of energizer and carburizing temperature and time on the mechanical properties of hardened big knives in the pack carburizing process. The mechanical properties of carburized and hardened big knives were compared to those of commercial hardened big knives made from leaf-spring steel that were forged, ground and quenched following the traditional forging processes. The experiment was conducted by forging big knives made of low carbon steel (grade AISI 1010). The first group of them was then pack-carburized using 10% by weight of calcium carbonate with 90% by weight of eucalyptus charcoal. The second group used 10% by weight of egg shell with 90% by weight of eucalyptus charcoal. The carburizing temperatures were 900, 950 and 1,000°C, with carburizing times of 30, 60 and 90 minutes followed by air cooling. The austenitizing temperature was 780°C with a holding time of 20 minutes, followed by quenching in water. Finally, the big knives were tempered at 180°C for 1 hour. Micro-Vickers hardness testing, impact testing and microstructure inspection were carried out. The results of this experiment show that the hardness of hardened big knives increased with an increase in the carburizing temperature and time. In contrast, the impact value of carburized steel decreased with an increase in the carburizing temperature and time. The hardness derived from using CaCO3 is slightly harder than that from using egg shell, however, the impact energy is higher when using egg shell, compared to using CaCO3
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