6 research outputs found
The efficiency of different types of wood charcoal on increasing carbon content on surfaces of low carbon steel in the pack carburizing process
The purpose of this research is to compare the efficiency of five types of wood charcoal, eucalyptus, coconut shell, tamarind, bamboo and cassava root in increasing carbon content on surfaces of low carbon steel by the pack carburizing process. The experiment for pack carburized low carbon steel (grade AISI 1020) was conducted by using the different wood charcoals as carburizers, mixed with 10% limestone (by weight) as the energizer. The carburizing temperature of 950°C, and carburizing times of 2, 4 and 6 hours were used in the experiment. After grinding, the specimens in each case were checked for carbon content by optical emission spectroscopy. Micro-Vickers hardness testing and microstructure inspections were carried out. The results of the experiment showed that the efficiency of eucalyptus charcoal as the carburizer (for increasing carbon content on surfaces of low carbon steel) was higher than that of tamarind, cassava root, coconut shell and bamboo charcoals. The averages for carbon content were: 1.16, 1.06, 0.97, 0.83 and 0.77% respectively
Optimum factors between carburizing Temperature and Time in Hardening Big Knife by Pack Carburizing Process Using Periwinkle Shells as an Energizer
āļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāđāļāļŠāļĄāļāļąāļāļīāđāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāđāļāļāđāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļĨāļ·āļāļāļŦāļāļĒāļāļĄāđāļāđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļĢāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļē āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļāļīāđāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļ āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļāļīāđāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļ°āļāļģāļĄāļēāļāļģāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļĩāļāļķāđāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļļāļĄāļāļāļāļĩāļĄāļĩāļ āđāļāļĒāļĄāļĩāļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 607.0 HV āļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 14.0 Joules āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāđāļāļāđāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļāđāđāļŦāļĨāđāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāļāđāļģāļāļĩāļāļķāđāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļŦāđāļĄāļĩāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļđāļāļāļĢāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļļāļĄāļāļ āļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļĄāđāļĒāļđāļāļēāļĨāļīāļāļāļąāļŠāļŠāļąāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ 80% āļāļŠāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļāđāļāļĨāļ·āļāļāļŦāļāļĒāļāļĄāļŠāļąāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ 20% āđāļāļĒāļāđāļģāļŦāļāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļāļēāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđāļāļāđāļāđāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļ (DOE) āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļī āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāđāļ 2 āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒ āđāļāļĒāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļ āļāļ·āļ āļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāļĄāļĩāļāļĒāļđāđ 3 āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ 960, 980 āđāļĨāļ° 1,000 āļāļāļĻāļēāđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļŠ āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļŠāļāļ āļāļ·āļ āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāļĄāļĩāļāļĒāļđāđ 3 āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ 60, 90 āđāļĨāļ° 120 āļāļēāļāļĩ āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāļāļģāļāļēāļĄāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļ āļāļēāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļģāļāļīāđāļāļāļāļŠāļāļāđāļāļāļģāļāļēāļĢāļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļāđ 780 āļāļāļĻāļēāđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļŠ āđāļāđāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļāđāļāđ 15 āļāļēāļāļĩāļāļļāđāļĄāļāļļāļāđāļāļāđāļģ āđāļĨāđāļ§āļāļģāđāļāļāļģāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļĩāđāļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļī 180 āļāļāļĻāļēāđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļŠ āđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē 60 āļāļēāļāļĩ āļāļĨāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđ āļāļāļ§āđāļē āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļ āļāļ·āļ 1,000 āļāļāļĻāļēāđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļŠ āđāļ§āļĨāļēāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļ āļāļ·āļ 96.1 āļāļēāļāļĩ āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 606.9 HV āđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 24.8 Joules āļāļĨāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļ·āļāļĒāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āđāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 610.2 HV āđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 21.6 Joules āļāļķāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļŠāļĄāļāļąāļāļīāđāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĄāļĩāļāļāļĩāđāļāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļļāļĄāļāļāļāļĩāļĄāļĩāļThe objective of this research was to study the optimum factors between carburizing temperature and time affecting the mechanical properties of hardened big knives hardened by carburizing process using periwinkle shells as an energizer. The mechanical properties which consisted of hardness and impact values were studied. These properties from the experiment were used for comparison with the mechanical property values delivered from the knife forging community, whereby the average hardness value was 607.0 HV and the average impact value was 14.0 Joules. The experiment was conducted by forging big knives from low carbon steel with the similar shape and size as those fabricated by the knife-forging community. The pack carburizing compound consisted of 80% eucalyptus wood charcoal powder as carburizer and 20% periwinkle shells powder by weight as energizer. The principle of design of experiment (DOE) was used to design the experiment and the optimization was statistically analyzed. The two optimized factors in this study consisted of carburizing temperature and carburizing time. The carburizing temperature consisted of three levels i.e. 960, 980 and 1,000 degree Celsius. The carburizing time consisted of three levels i.e. 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The experimental steps were as follows; the knives were carburized then austenitized at 780 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes and quenched in water. After that, the knives were tempered at 180 degree Celsius for 60 minutes. The analyzed results showed that the optimum carburizing temperature was 1,000 degrees Celsius and the optimum carburizing time was 96.1 minutes. The two factors provided the average hardness of 606.9 HV and the average impact value of 24.8 Joules. The optimum values of carburizing temperature and time were verified. The verification results revealed average hardness of 610.2 HV and the average impact value of 21.6 Joules, which coincided with the scope of the mechanical properties of forged and hardened knives from the fabricated community
Optimum factors between carburizing Temperature and Time in Hardening Big Knife by Pack Carburizing Process Using Periwinkle Shells as an Energizer
āļāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļŠāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāđāļāļāđāļĢāļāļīāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļĨāđāļāļāļĨāđāļēāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļĢāđāļ§āļŠāļđāļāđāļāļĢāļ SKH51Effect of Gas Nitrocarburizing Process on Hardening of High Speed Tool Steel Grade SKH51
āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĢāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļģāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļŠāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāđāļāļāđāļĢāļāļīāļ (Gas Nitrocarburizing) āļāđāļāđāļŦāļĨāđāļāļāļĨāđāļēāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļĢāđāļ§āļŠāļđāļ (SKH51) āļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļļāļāđāļāđāļ (Hardening) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļāļ·āļāđāļ (Tempering) āļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļļāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļąāļ (āļĄāļĩāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļ·āļāđāļ 2 āļĢāļāļ āđāļĨāļ° 3 āļĢāļāļ) āļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāđāļāļāđāļĢāļāļīāļ āļāļēāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļāļ§āđāļē āļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāđāļāļāđāļĢāļāļīāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļīāļ§āļāļāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļēāļāđāļāđ 4.4 āđāļāđāļēāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļļāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ 1.4 āđāļāđāļēāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļīāļ§āļāļāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļāļ·āļāđāļ āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđ āļĒāļąāļāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāđāļāļāđāļĢāļāļīāļāļĒāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļ·āļāđāļāđāļāđ āļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāļāļļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļīāļāļĨāļāļĨāļIn this study, effect of nitrocarburizing process on hardened and tempered high speed tool steel (SKH51) by difference heat treatment processes (tempering 2 cycles and 3 cycles before nitrocarburizing process) were studied. The results showed that nitrocarburizing process gave a higher surface hardness approximately 4.4 times compare to non-heat treatment or approximately 1.4 times compare to hardened and tempered specimen. In addition, the nitrocarburizing process can be used instead of a tempering process. Therefore, heat treatment process and the production cost can be reduced by nitrocarburizing process
Effect of Gas Nitrocarburizing Process on Hardening of High Speed Tool Steel Grade SKH51
The effects of energizer and carburizing temperature and time on mechanical properties of hardened big knives in the pack carburizing process
The purpose of this research is to study the effects of energizer and carburizing temperature and time on the mechanical properties of hardened big knives in the pack carburizing process. The mechanical properties of carburized and hardened big knives were compared to those of commercial hardened big knives made from leaf-spring steel that were forged, ground and quenched following the traditional forging processes. The experiment was conducted by forging big knives made of low carbon steel (grade AISI 1010). The first group of them was then pack-carburized using 10% by weight of calcium carbonate with 90% by weight of eucalyptus charcoal. The second group used 10% by weight of egg shell with 90% by weight of eucalyptus charcoal. The carburizing temperatures were 900, 950 and 1,000°C, with carburizing times of 30, 60 and 90 minutes followed by air cooling. The austenitizing temperature was 780°C with a holding time of 20 minutes, followed by quenching in water. Finally, the big knives were tempered at 180°C for 1 hour. Micro-Vickers hardness testing, impact testing and microstructure inspection were carried out. The results of this experiment show that the hardness of hardened big knives increased with an increase in the carburizing temperature and time. In contrast, the impact value of carburized steel decreased with an increase in the carburizing temperature and time. The hardness derived from using CaCO3 is slightly harder than that from using egg shell, however, the impact energy is higher when using egg shell, compared to using CaCO3