Summary of markers used in the combined analysis.

a<p>Index of substitution saturation assuming a symmetrical true tree.</p>b<p>Probability of significant difference between Iss and Iss.cSym (two-tailed test).</p>c<p>Index of substitution saturation assuming an asymmetrical true tree.</p>d<p>Probability of significant difference between Iss and Iss.cAsym (two-tailed test).</p

Primers used to amplify and sequence two nuclear genes and two mitochondrial genes.

<p>Primers used to amplify and sequence two nuclear genes and two mitochondrial genes.</p

The best-fitting partition schemes and the corresponding substitution models selected by ModelFinder.

(XLSX)</p

A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

<div><p>The planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) is one of the most dominant groups of phytophagous insects. It comprises about 20 families, containing a total of 9000 species worldwide. Despite several recent studies, the phylogeny of Fulgoroidea is not yet satisfactorily resolved and the phylogenetic positions of several key families, especially Cixiidae, Delphacidae, Tettigometridae, Nogodinidae, Acanaloniidae and Issidae, are contentious. Here, we expand upon recent phylogenetic work using additional nuclear (<i>18S</i> and <i>28S</i>) and novel mitochondrial (<i>16S</i> and <i>cytb</i>) markers. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses yielded robust phylogenetic trees. In these topologies, a group containing Cixiidae and Delphacidae is recovered as the sister group to the remaining taxa. Tettigometridae is placed in a more nested position and is grouped with Caliscelidae. Sister relationships are found between Flatidae and Ricaniidae, and between Dictyopharidae and Fulgoridae. Nogodinidae and Issidae are confirmed to be non-monophyletic families. For major nodes of interest, divergence date estimates are generally older than those from the fossil record.</p> </div

The secondary structures of tRNA genes inferred for <i>Dicronocephalus adamsi</i>.

Dashes in-dicate Watson-Crick base pairing. Dots indicate G-U base pairs.</p

Statistics associated to the sequencing of mitogenomes.

Statistics associated to the sequencing of mitogenomes.</p

The 50% majority-rule consensus tree estimated from the Bayesian analysis based on the combined dataset.

<p>Values above branches denote posterior probabilities (≥0.9).</p

Organization of the mitogenome of <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i>.

Organization of the mitogenome of Callosobruchus maculatus.</p

AliGROOVE heat maps of pairwise sequence comparisons for the data partitions of <i>rrnL</i>, <i>rrnS</i> and tRNA.

(PDF)</p

The secondary structure of <i>rrnL</i> inferred for <i>Dicronocephalus adamsi</i>.

Dashes indicate Watson-Crick base pairing. Dots indicate G-U base pairs. Red roman numbers denote the domains, and blue numbers denote the helices.</p