Sensor Relationship Inference in Single Resident Smart Homes Using Time Series

Determining sensor relationships in smart environments is complex due to the variety and volume of time series information they provide. Moreover, identifying sensor relationships to connect them with actuators is difficult for smart home users who may not have technical experience. Yet, gathering information on sensor relationships is a crucial intermediate step towards more advanced smart home applications such as advanced policy generation or automatic sensor configuration. Therefore, in this thesis, I propose a novel unsupervised learning approach, named SeReIn, to automatically group sensors by their inherent relationships solely using time series data for single resident smart homes. SeReIn extracts three features from smart home time series data - Frequent Next Event (FNE), Time Delta (TD), and Frequency (FQ). It then applies Spectral Clustering, K-Means clustering, and DBSCAN to group the related sensors. The application of unsupervised learning enables this approach to operate anywhere in the smart home domain regardless of the sensor types and deployment scenarios. SeReIn functions on both large deployments consisting of around 70 sensors and small deployments of only 10 sensors. Evaluation of SeReIn on real-world smart home datasets has shown that it can recognize inherent spatial relationships. Using three different unsupervised clustering evaluation metrics: Calinski-Harabasz Score, Silhouette Score, and Davies-Bouldin Score, I ensure that SeReIn successfully builds clusters based on sensor relationships

280 Relationship of gene markers to residual feed intake, ADG, and marbling of four years of MSU Steer-A-Year steers

Abstract Feeding cattle is one of the largest expenses in beef production systems. Genetic testing has been proposed as a tool to help select livestock that are the most efficient, with greater performance and/or carcass yield or quality. Improved beef cattle performance, increased feed efficiency, and increased carcass value are ongoing goals for beef cattle production. For this study, 118 mix breed feedlot calves were genetically tested with The Merial Ltd (Deluth, GA) Igenity GGP Bovine 50K. We compared genotypic and phenotypic average daily gain (ADG), residual feed intake (RFI) and marbling. Igenity scores were not related to ADG in years 1, 2, and 3 (P &amp;gt; 0.14), but were correlated in year 4 (P &amp;lt; 0.01; r = -0.58). Steer RFI displayed no relationship to the Igenity RFI score (P ≥ 0.29). No linear relationships were observed between actual and predicted marbling but did display tendencies to rank animals similar to actual marbling in years 3 and 4 (P ≤ 0.08; P = 0.34, 0.31, respectively). In summary, we did not see a strong relationship between genetic marker predictions and actual performance characteristics. However, relationships appear to be stronger in later years, suggesting more work is needed to validate genetic markers correlation to feedlot performance.</jats:p

Impacts of Rumen Degradable or Undegradable Protein Supplementation with or without Salt on Nutrient Digestion, and VFA Concentrations

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of differences in protein type and delivery method on rumen dynamics and nutrient digestion. Cows were allotted to rumen degradable protein (RDP) or rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and self-fed (SF) salt-limited pressed blocks or hand-fed (HF) loose supplement, resulting in four dietary treatments. There was a delivery effect (p = 0.04) on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, as the SF animals consumed more NDF than HF animals. The RDP-SF animals had greater NDF digestibility (p = 0.04) and water intake (p = 0.03) than the three other treatments. Supplement intake displayed a protein type effect (p = 0.03), as RDP-supplemented animals consumed more supplement on a g·kg body weight (BW)−1 d−1 basis than RUP animals. There was an effect of protein type (p = 0.02) and delivery method (p = 0.03) on fluid flow rate, with RUP and HF cows having greater liquid flow rates. Ruminal pH was lower (p &lt; 0.01) in RDP-HF cows than RDP-SF cows at all hours, except 4-h post-feeding. RDP-SF animals had the greatest (p &lt; 0.01) concentrations of ruminal ammonia. Valerate ruminal concentrations were greater (p = 0.04) in RDP supplemented animals compared to RUP supplemented animals. In conclusion, self-fed supplements containing RDP may enhance the use of low-quality forages and increase ruminal ammonia concentrations

Impacts of Rumen Degradable or Undegradable Protein Supplementation with or without Salt on Nutrient Digestion, and VFA Concentrations

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of differences in protein type and delivery method on rumen dynamics and nutrient digestion. Cows were allotted to rumen degradable protein (RDP) or rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and self-fed (SF) salt-limited pressed blocks or hand-fed (HF) loose supplement, resulting in four dietary treatments. There was a delivery effect (p = 0.04) on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, as the SF animals consumed more NDF than HF animals. The RDP-SF animals had greater NDF digestibility (p = 0.04) and water intake (p = 0.03) than the three other treatments. Supplement intake displayed a protein type effect (p = 0.03), as RDP-supplemented animals consumed more supplement on a g·kg body weight (BW)−1 d−1 basis than RUP animals. There was an effect of protein type (p = 0.02) and delivery method (p = 0.03) on fluid flow rate, with RUP and HF cows having greater liquid flow rates. Ruminal pH was lower (p &lt; 0.01) in RDP-HF cows than RDP-SF cows at all hours, except 4-h post-feeding. RDP-SF animals had the greatest (p &lt; 0.01) concentrations of ruminal ammonia. Valerate ruminal concentrations were greater (p = 0.04) in RDP supplemented animals compared to RUP supplemented animals. In conclusion, self-fed supplements containing RDP may enhance the use of low-quality forages and increase ruminal ammonia concentrations.</jats:p

Impacts of Rumen Degradable or Undegradable Protein Supplementation on Supplement Intake and Performance of Yearling Heifers and Cows Grazing Dryland Pastures

Angus and Red Angus-based yearling heifers (n = 40) and lactating cows (n = 51) were each used in a complete randomized design and stratified by weight and body condition score to one of two treatments: (1) pressed supplement block containing rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and (2) pressed supplement block containing rumen degradable protein (RDP). Heifer and cow supplement intake displayed (p p p p < 0.01) a treatment × period interaction with RUP cows having more variation in Period 2, while RDP cows had less variation in intake in Period 2. In conclusion, RDP and RUP impacted intake behavior of cows and heifers but had minimal impacts on performance