Implementation of rock typing on waterflooding process during secondary recovery in oil reservoirs : a case study, El Morgan oil field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Waterflooding is one of the most common secondary recovery methods in the oil and gas industry. Globally, this process sometimes suffers a technical failure and inefficiency. Therefore, a better understanding of geology, reservoir characteristics, rock typing and discrimination, hydraulic flow units, and production data is essential to analyze reasons and mechanisms of water injection failure in the injection wells. Water injection failure was reported in the Middle Miocene Hammam Faraun reservoir at El Morgan oil field in the Gulf of Suez, where two wells have been selected as injector’s wells. In the first well (A1), the efficiency of injection was not good, whereas in the other analog A2 well good efficiency was assigned. Therefore, it is required to assess the injection loss in the low efficiency well, where all aspects of the geological, reservoir and production data of the studied wells were integrated to get a complete vision for the reasons of injection failure. The available data include core analysis data (vertical and horizontal permeabilities, helium porosity, bulk density, and water and oil saturations), petrographical studies injection and reservoir water chemistry, reservoir geology, production, and injection history. The quality of the data was examined and a set of reliable X–Y plots between the available data were introduced and the reservoir quality in both wells was estimated using reservoir quality index, normalized porosity index, and flow zone indicator. Integration and processing of the core and reservoir engineering data indicate that heterogeneity of the studied sequence was the main reason for the waterflooding inefficiency at the El Morgan A1 well. The best reservoir quality was assigned to the topmost part of the reservoir, which caused disturbance of the flow regime of reservoir fluids. Therefore, it is clearly indicated that rock typing and inadequate injection perforation strategy that has not been aligned with accurate hydraulic flow units are the key control parameters in the waterflooding efficiency

Modeling the Electric and Dielectric Behaviors of the Gebel Kamil Iron Meteorite

AbstractThe Gebel Kamil iron meteorite is a famous big meteorite, and it is considered among the rare well-preserved iron meteorites. In this study, its electric and dielectric properties, namely electric conductivity (σ), dielectric constant (ε′), and dielectric loss (ε″), were measured using alternating current at a wide range of frequencies (50 Hz–11.0 MHz). This electrical characterization process was performed to get a diagnostic electric behavior of the electric and dielectric parameters as a function of the applied frequency (f). It is revealed that, by increasing f, the σ increased, while the dielectric properties decreased systematically through three stages of frequency. The well-known octahedral structure of iron meteorites was imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with support by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) to analyze the chemical composition of the meteorite specimen. The EDAX indicated that the Gebel Kamil meteorite is a Ni–Fe alloy with no impurities (Ni = 20.4–22.3%, Fe = 77.7–79.6%). This chemical composition and the electric and dielectric behaviors of the studied Ni-rich Gebel Kamil meteorite specimen can be recorded as diagnostic features and properties of this Fe–Ni meteorite.</jats:p

X-Ray CT scanning imaging for the Nubia sandstone as a tool for characterizing its capillary properties

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