The Settlement of Decolonization and Post-Colonial Economic Development

Despite impressive growth in the early twenty-first century, Indonesia’s economic performance in the post-colonial era lagged behind that of its neighbours in Malaysia and Singapore. The different development paths chosen, particularly in the treatment of foreign (and, especially, ex-colonial) investment, were central to this—Indonesia’s rejection of Western capital in the 1950s and 1960s, and continued suspicion of foreign economic influence in the 1970s, contrasted with the more open approach of Malaysia and Singapore. How the post-colonial foreign presence was dealt with was largely conditioned by how decolonization was settled—the restrictive agreements reached between Indonesia and the Netherlands, and ongoing Dutch occupation of Irian Jaya, were sources of widespread resentment, and differed significantly from the more liberal approach of the British towards Malaysian and Singaporean independence. The short-term settlement of decolonization was therefore of greater significance than the longer-term nature of colonial rule in determining post-colonial economic patterns

Spatial and temporal uplift history of South America from calibrated drainage analysis

A multidisciplinary approach is used to analyze the Cenozoic uplift history of South America.Residual depth anomalies of oceanic crust abutting this continent help to determine the pattern of present-day dynamic topography. Admittance analysis and crustal thickness measurements indicate that the elasticthickness of the Borborema and Altiplano regions is 10 km with evidence for sub-plate support at longerwavelengths. A drainage inventory of 1827 river profiles is assembled and used to investigate landscapedevelopment. Linear inverse modeling enables river profiles to be fitted as a function of the spatial and tem-poral history of regional uplift. Erosional parameters are calibrated using observations from the BorboremaPlateau and tested against continent-wide stratigraphic and thermochronologic constraints. Our results pre-dict that two phases of regional uplift of the Altiplano plateau occurred in Neogene times. Regional uplift ofthe southern Patagonian Andes also appears to have occurred in Early Miocene times. The consistencybetween observed and predicted histories for the Borborema, Altiplano, and Patagonian plateaux impliesthat drainage networks record coherent signals that are amenable to simple modeling strategies. Finally,the predicted pattern of incision across the Amazon catchment constrains solid sedimentary flux at the Fozdo Amazonas. Observed and calculated flux estimates match, suggesting that erosion and deposition weretriggered by regional Andean uplift during Miocene times

Uplift histories of Africa and Australia from linear inverse modeling of drainage inventories

We describe and apply a linear inverse model which calculates spatial and temporal patterns of uplift rate by minimizing the misfit between inventories of observed and predicted longitudinal river profiles. Our approach builds upon a more general, non-linear, optimization model, which suggests that shapes of river profiles are dominantly controlled by upstream advec- tion of kinematic waves of incision produced by spatial and temporal changes in regional uplift rate. Here, we use the method of characteristics to solve a version of this problem. A damped, non-negative, least squares approach is developed that permits river profiles to be inverted as a function of up- lift rate. An important benefit of a linearized treatment is low computational cost. We have tested our algorithm by inverting 957 river profiles from both Africa and Australia. For each continent, the drainage network was constructed from a digital elevation model. The fidelity of river profiles extracted from this network was carefully checked using satellite imagery. River profiles were inverted many times to systematically investigate the trade-off between model misfit and smoothness. Spatial and temporal patterns of both uplift rate and cumulative uplift were calibrated using independent geologic and geophys- ical observations. Uplift patterns suggest that the topography of Africa and Australia grew in Cenozoic times. Inverse modeling of large inventories of river profiles demonstrates that drainage networks contain coherent signals that record the regional growth of elevation.This is the final version. It first appeared at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/2014JF003297/abstract

Seismic imaging of rapid onset of stratified turbulence in the South Atlantic Ocean

AbstractBroadband measurements of the internal wavefield will help to unlock an understanding of the energy cascade within the oceanic realm. However, there are challenges in acquiring observations with sufficient spatial resolution, especially in horizontal dimensions. Seismic reflection profiling can achieve a horizontal and vertical resolution of order meters. It is suitable for imaging thermohaline fine structure on scales that range from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers. This range straddles the transition from internal wave to turbulent regimes. Here, the authors analyze an 80-km-long seismic image from the Falkland Plateau and calculate vertical displacement spectra of tracked reflections. First, they show that these spectra are consistent with the Garrett–Munk model at small horizontal wavenumbers (i.e., kx ≲ 3 × 10−3 cpm). There is a transition to stratified turbulence at larger wavenumbers (i.e., kx ≳ 2 × 10−1 cpm). This transition occurs at length scales that are significantly larger than the Ozmidov length scale above which stratification is expected to modify isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence. Second, the authors observe a rapid onset of this stratified turbulence over a narrow range of length scales. This onset is consistent with a characteristic energy injection scale of stratified turbulence with a forward cascade toward smaller scales through isotropic turbulence below the Ozmidov length scale culminating in microscale dissipation. Finally, they estimate the spatial pattern of diapycnal diffusivity and show that the existence of an injection scale can increase these estimates by a factor of 2.M.F. is supported by the Department of Earth Sciences. Research activity of C.P.C. is supported by EPSRC Programme Grant EP/K034529/1 (“Mathematical Underpinnings of Stratified Turbulence”). We thank C. Bond, A. Dickinson, K. Gunn, S. Holbrook, J. Klymak, J. Moum and S. Thorpe for their help. We are very grateful to J. Klymak for generously making available his MATLAB toolbox for calculating Garrett-Munk spectra. Department of Earth Sciences contribution number esc.XXXX.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the American Meteorological Society via http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0140.

Cenozoic epeirogeny of the Indian peninsula

Peninsular India is a cratonic region with asymmetric relief manifest by eastward tilting from the 1.5 km high Western Ghats escarpment toward the flood-plains of eastward-draining rivers. Oceanic residual depth measurements on either side of India show that this west-east asymmetry is broader scale, occurring over distances of >2,000 km. Admittance analysis of free-air gravity and topography shows that the elastic thickness is 10 ± 3 km, suggesting that regional uplift is not solely caused by flexural loading. To investigate how Indian physiography is generated, we have jointly inverted 530 river profiles to determine rock uplift rate as a function of space and time. Key erosional parameters are calibrated using independent geologic constraints (e.g. emergent marine deposits, elevated paleosurfaces, uplifted lignite deposits). Our results suggest that regional tilt grew at rates of up to 0.1 mm a‾¹ between 25 Ma and the present day. Neogene uplift initiated in the south and propagated northward along the western margin. This calculated history is corroborated by low-temperature ther- mochronologic observations, by sedimentary flux of clastic deposits into the Krishna- Godavari delta, and by sequence stratigraphic architecture along adjacent rifted margins. Onset of regional uplift predates intensification of the Indian monsoon at 8 Ma, suggesting that rock uplift rather than climatic change is responsible for modern-day relief. A positive correlation between residual depth measure- ments and shear wave velocities beneath the lithosphere suggests that regional uplift is generated and maintained by temperature anomalies of ±100 ⁰C within a 200 ± 25 km thick asthenospheric channel

Efficacy and effectiveness of the combination of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and a 3-day course of artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in a refugee settlement in Zambia.

In the Maheba Refugee Settlement, in the clinics supported by Medecins Sans Frontieres, all children aged up to 5 years with a confirmed diagnosis of uncomplicated falciparum malaria are treated with the combination of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) and artesunate (AS). We compared the treatment's efficacy and effectiveness. Patients were randomized in order to receive the treatment supervised (efficacy) or unsupervised (effectiveness). Therapeutic response was determined after 28 days of follow up. The difference between recrudescence and re-infection was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also assessed genetic markers associated to SP resistance (dhfr and dhps). Eighty-five patients received treatment under supervision and 84 received it unsupervised. On day 28, and after PCR adjustment, efficacy was found to be 83.5% (95% CI: 74.1-90.5), and effectiveness 63.4% (95% CI: 52.6-73.3) (P < 0.01). Point mutations on dhfr (108) and dhps (437) were found for 92.0% and 44.2% respectively of the PCR samples analysed. The significant difference in therapeutic response after supervised and unsupervised treatment intake can only be explained by insufficient patient adherence. When implementing new malaria treatment policies, serious investment in ensuring patient adherence is essential to ascertain the effectiveness of the new treatment schedules

Metal-Size Influence in Iso-Selective Lactide Polymerization

Iso-selective initiators for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide are rare outside of Group 13. We describe the first examples of highly iso-selective lutetium initiators. The phosphasalen lutetium ethoxide complex shows excellent iso-selectivity, with a Pi value of 0.81–0.84 at 298 K, excellent rates, and high degrees of polymerization control. Conversely, the corresponding La derivative exhibits moderate heteroselectivity (Ps=0.74, 298 K). Thus, the choice of metal center is shown to be crucial in determining the level and mode of stereocontrol. The relative order of rates for the series of complexes is inversely related to metallic covalent radius: that is, La>Y>Lu

The secret world of shrimps: polarisation vision at its best

Animal vision spans a great range of complexity, with systems evolving to detect variations in optical intensity, distribution, colour, and polarisation. Polarisation vision systems studied to date detect one to four channels of linear polarisation, combining them in opponent pairs to provide intensity-independent operation. Circular polarisation vision has never been seen, and is widely believed to play no part in animal vision. Polarisation is fully measured via Stokes' parameters--obtained by combined linear and circular polarisation measurements. Optimal polarisation vision is the ability to see Stokes' parameters: here we show that the crustacean \emph{Gonodactylus smithii} measures the exact components required. This vision provides optimal contrast-enhancement, and precise determination of polarisation with no confusion-states or neutral-points--significant advantages. We emphasise that linear and circular polarisation vision are not different modalities--both are necessary for optimal polarisation vision, regardless of the presence of strongly linear or circularly polarised features in the animal's environment.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, 2 table