Role of International Trade and Supply Chain Management in Economic Development of Countries

Abstract- International cooperation and the development of globalization have a favorable impact on the market economy: there is a cultural, moral, social, political and economic unification of all cities, countries and continents. The consequences of these processes are the further integration of countries into international trade, which continues to take an increasingly important role in the economies of developed countries by using the supply chain strategy.Practical experience of developed countries demonstrates that international trade has a huge impact on the level of the country well-being. Such indicators of foreign trade as the changes in exports, imports and foreign trade balances of China, Russia, the United States and Germany, are presented in the paper. According to the results of the economic study of four developed countries-leaders in international trade: China, Russia, the United States and Germany, the team of authors proposed a ranking of these countries in the order of importance of foreign trade for their economies

The supply chain management role as an economic reform to overcome the problem of regional imbalances, in Republic of Tatarstan

Abstract— The aim of this paper is to investigate how supply chain integration affects company performance. The paper considers the supply chain role in economy and regional disproportions between regions and federal districts in the Russian Federation. In the course of the proposed economic reform (fiscal space), we discovered that within 5 years, the least developed municipal entities that are part of the subject of Russia - the Republic of Tatarstan - will be able to receive up to $ 200 thousand (US Dollars), which could become the foundation for the further socio-economic transformations in the territory, and also act as an instrument for the formation of a more favorable investment climate. These distribution effects, both across and within countries, are likely to affect trade policy, and consequently, the evolution of supply chains

Comparison of the Quality of Life Using the Human Development Index Based on the Global Supply Chain

Quality of life and methods of its measurement are topics that are quickly becoming the subject of both professional and social discussions based on the global supply chain. The basic idea of this article is to compare the quality of life in the Russian Federation and Germany. These are powerful economies that offer an interesting confrontation. We also contribute to this comparison using Slovakia as an example of the confrontation of large and economically strong countries with a small country. The main indicator for expressing the quality of human life in the article is the Human Development Index (HDI), based on which we used a comparative analysis. The first part of the article provides a theoretical framework and characteristics of indicators. In the second part of the article, we analyzed the 10-year development of the selected countries' indicators. The results show a positive trend in the growth of quality of life, where Germany is clearly the leader among the selected countries, and we can state the gradual slow convergence of the Russian and Slovak economy to the German one

Analysis of Supply Chain Policy Effects on Employment and Unemployment in the Republic of Tatarstan

Abstract- The development of the Russian model of the labor market and its individual elements and supply chain strategy is described by a number of Russian and foreign scholars. Its main meaning is in the weak sensitivity of quantitative indicators of employment and unemployment to the dynamics of production, and over-adaptability and extreme wage flexibility. The Republic of Tatarstan has a fairly high level of employment, which conceals a significant heterogeneity of jobs. One consequence of this is the high poverty of educated people with jobs. Despite the fact that the Russian labor legislation prescribes a kind of “standard†of employment, involving a permanent employment contract and full-time work, market reforms significantly diversifiedtypes of employment. Formally, deviations from the prescribed standard are allowed only in special cases that are listed in the legislation. However, in a short time, various deviations from both the “standard†itself and the list of allowed exceptions became spread in the labor market in the Republic of Tatarstan. This led to the emergence of atypical forms of employment: unofficial, part-time, overtime, temporary. Such forms of employment facilitate a real adjustment of the supply and demand in the Tatarstan labor market. The paperconsiders the approaches to a comprehensive economic and statistical analysis of employment and unemployment in the Republic of Tatarstan in the conditions of their diversification in the new economic order

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship

The study guide "Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship" is universal and enables to expand theoretical and empirical volumes of students economic knowledge of all forms and directions of training, offering them to make an informed choice: to be employed or do their own business.6

The impact of non-financial incentives on the quality of human capital and innovative capacity of enterprises

Today, industrial production is not the only source of goods in the market and not so much the form of the realization of the aspirations of the businessman to profit, but the social doctrine of material prosperity in the country. This is so-called social side of the industrial labor: wages as the financial basis of the welfare of employed members of households and taxes on labor as the financial basis of the welfare of the unemployed household members. But this mechanism is triggered when the employee is stimulated to work efficiently, and the employer has an incentive to compensate adequately the worker for his quality efforts in manufacturing. The salary only is not able to lead to a qualitatively new economic growth. We need new incentives – first of all, the factors of labor or human capital.Human capital is a factor of increasing of economic efficiency growth and the factor of growth of frequency and national wealth (Becker, 1964).To improve the quality of human capital the management of the enterprise should base on the development of forms and methods of motivation of employees that are directly associated with non-financial incentives to work and self-realization.The author makes an attempt to study non-financial incentives to work as the basis of development and growth of human capital, their relationship to the performance and quality of work, and the impact on innovative development of the enterprise

Payment systems: International payment system mastercard and mir (Russia)

At the present stage of development of the Russian economy one of its main tasks is to transition to an innovative model of development (Akhmetshina & Mustafin, 2015). Payment systems play a vital role in the economics of each country. Payment systems have evolved through the history of the human race, starting out at the most primitive level of a simple exchange of goods, or barter, resulting in credit and debit cards, with their internet payments and mobile banking.This article is devoted to the role of International Payment System MasterCard and Mir in the work of economics of USA and Russia. The relevance of research is to analyze the process of integration of payment systems MasterCard and Mir in international trade and its impact on the development of countries. The authors studied and analyzed economic trends for the business year 2017:Analyzing the International Payment system MasterCard is important to note its rate of development. MasterCard took the first place by the number of card issued in the Russian Federation (on MasterCard accounted for 48, 9 % of all issued plastic payment instruments in the country) (Mastercard, 2016): (i) Despite the high status of MasterCard in the world of payment systems, he is trying to protect himself. There is a noticeable increase in the number of secure digital transactions (the amount of spending on contactless transactions on MasterCard cards increased by 183%, the availability of MDES, SecureCode, MoneySend, MasterPass work towards this) (Mastercard, 2016) and (ii) Pursuing the Russian Payment System Mir, it can be noted that it has become a domestic alternative to the international services of MasterCard and Visa, «protection against sanctions».   Thus, it is essential to say that in spite of a young age of Mir payment system there are large prospects for existence of this payment system in Russia. Nevertheless, MasterCard keeps a leading position. Based on the indicators of this research it is obvious that the article has a high practical significance and the possibility of applying the results in both scientific and practical activities

The evaluation of the domestic public debt of russia in the securities

At the present stage of development of the Russian economy one of its main tasks is to transit to an innovative development model (Akhmetshina & Mustafin, n. d). The innovative development model depends on the state budget formation, which is impossible without borrowing. In the world practice, securities are one of the most actively used instruments for attracting the required financial resources to the state budget.The features of debt borrowings and their impact on the economy have been the subject of consideration by the individual researchers. In particular, such authors as Baum A., Checherita-Westphal C., Rother P. studied the specific emission activity of the individual Eurozone countries and the impact of this policy on the economies of these countries (Baum & Checherita, 2013). The subject of scientific research Mario Coccia becamethe evolution of public debts and of government deficits/surplus across European countries within and outside the monetary unification (Mario, 2017). Vladimir K.Teles, CaioCesar Mussolini proposed a theoretical model of endogenous growth that demonstrates that the level of the public debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio should negatively impact the effect of fiscal policy on growth (Vladimir & CaioCesar, 2014).Bharath S.T., Sunder J., Sunder S.V. investigated features of the market of private and public loans and found that the cost of public debt is harder than the market of private debt (Bharath, Sunder & Sunder S, 2008).       Giovanna Bua, Juan Pradelli, Andrea F. Presbitero characterized the recent trends regarding Low-Income Countries' domestic public debt and they explored the relevance of different arguments put forward on the benefits and costs of government borrowing in local public debt markets (Giovanna, Pradelli & Andrea, 2014).According to the norms of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, the loan currency should expressed in roubles for the public debt attribution to the domestic one (The Budget Code of the Russian Federation, 1998). As the domestic public debt is linked to roubles, the external factors should not have a significant impact on the government's debt policy in conducting its issuing activity (Federal Law, 1998).In this article, the authors assessed the current state and structure of the domestic public debt, expressed in securities. The research identified the factors that had an impact on the domestic public debt of Russia. The economic-mathematical model constructed in the article showed the direct impact of the state's emission activity on the country's economy on the stock market. Based on the analysis results, the authors offered recommendations for improving the public debt policy.       

Rola zarządzania publicznego w eliminacji nierówności regionalnych

The purpose of the work is to identify the causes and estimate regional disproportions using the method based on the use of the ratio of the dynamics of the indicator of Gross regional product per capita of the regions and the average for the districts in which they are included. Based on the application of this method, the following conclusions were obtained: 1) the availability of natural resources from the regions is not a key factor in eliminating regional disparities; 2) financial support from the federal government of some regions led to the formation of a regional dependency on it.Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie przyczyn i oszacowanie dysproporcji regionalnych przy użyciu metody opartej na wykorzystaniu wskaźnika dynamiki, wskaźnika produktu regionalnego brutto na mieszkańca regionów i średniej dla obszarów, w których są one uwzględnione. Na podstawie zastosowania tej metody otrzymano następujące wnioski: 1) dostępność zasobów naturalnych z regionów nie jest kluczowym czynnikiem w eliminowaniu dysproporcji regionalnych; 2) wsparcie finansowe rządu federalnego niektórych regionów doprowadziło do powstania zależności regionów od rządu