14 research outputs found
R&D Spillovers and Welfare Effect of Privatization with an R&D Subsidy
We reexamine the results in Gil Molto et al. (2011) and compare the welfare effect of privatization policy in an R&D competition between a mixed duopoly and a private duopoly with an R&D subsidy. We show that an R&D subsidy with privatization policy is beneficial for society unless the spillovers rate is sufficiently low. Otherwise, public R&D leadership in a mixed market is socially superior
R&D Spillovers and Welfare Effect of Privatization with an R&D Subsidy
We reexamine the results in Gil Molto et al. (2011) and compare the welfare effect of privatization policy in an R&D competition between a mixed duopoly and a private duopoly with an R&D subsidy. We show that an R&D subsidy with privatization policy is beneficial for society unless the spillovers rate is sufficiently low. Otherwise, public R&D leadership in a mixed market is socially superior
Partial privatization and subsidization in a time-consistent policy: output versus R&D subsidies
This study revisits welfare comparisons between output and R&D subsidies for a mixed duopoly with partial privatization in a time-consistent policy framework. We show that an output subsidy is welfare-superior to an R&D subsidy policy only when the degree of privatization is high. We also show that the government has a lower incentive to privatize the public firm under the R&D subsidy but full nationalization with an R&D subsidy can decrease the welfare than full privatization with an output subsidy
Endogenous Timing of R&D Decisions and Privatization Policy with Research Spillovers
This study investigates an endogenous R&D timing game between duopoly firms which undertake cost-reducing R&D investments and then play Cournot output competition. We examine equilibrium outcomes in private and mixed markets and find that spillovers rate critically affects contrasting results. We show that a simultaneous-move appears in a private duopoly only if the spillovers rate is low while a sequential-move appears in a mixed duopoly irrespective of spillovers. We also show that public leadership is the only equilibrium if the spillovers rate is intermediate and its resulting welfare is the highest. Finally, we show that the implementation of privatization policy transforms a public leader to a private competitor, but this can decrease the social welfare
R&D Output Sharing in a Mixed Duopoly and Incentive Subsidy Policy
This study investigates the incentives for R&D output sharing in a mixed duopoly and shows that public firm chooses full sharing of their R&D output, whereas private firm enjoys free-riding. We then devise an agreement-based incentive R&D subsidy scheme, which can internalize R&D spillovers and induce both firms to earn higher payoffs through full sharing of their R&D output. We also show that an R&D subsidy policy is welfare-superior to a production subsidy policy
Mixed ownership and R&D under discriminatory output subsidies
This study considers a (partially privatized) semi-public firm in a mixed duopoly and examines the welfare effects of discriminatory output subsidies under R&D competition. We find that the government grants higher subsidies to the private firm than to the semi-public firm, which induces the private firm to invest more in R&D and to produce a higher output than the semi-public firm. We also show that optimal subsidy rates are higher (lower) than uniform subsidy rates for a sufficiently high (low) degree of privatization, which could decrease (increase) social welfare. This finding sharply contrasts to the case that the committed discriminatory output subsidy always yields the highest welfare compared to non-committed cases
Timing of R&D Decisions and Output Subsidies in a Mixed Duopoly with Spillovers
This study considers a mixed duopoly with research spillovers and examines the interplay between firms’ R&D decisions and government’s output subsidies. We investigate and compare the timing of the game between ex-ante R&D and ex-post R&D decisions where the R&D decisions are chosen before the output subsidy is determined in the former case while the order is reversed in the latter case. We show that the equilibrium outcomes can be opposite between the two cases because both public and private firms have different objectives in choosing R&D investments, but the spillovers rate is a key factor that determines their incentives. In particular, we show that the output subsidy is smaller (larger) and the welfare is larger (smaller) under the ex-ante R&D decisions for a higher (lower) degree of spillovers rate. Finally, privatization increases the welfare in both cases only when spillovers rate is weak
Mixed ownership and R&D under discriminatory output subsidies
This study considers a (partially privatized) semi-public firm in a mixed duopoly and examines the welfare effects of discriminatory output subsidies under R&D competition. We find that the government grants higher subsidies to the private firm than to the semi-public firm, which induces the private firm to invest more in R&D and to produce a higher output than the semi-public firm. We also show that optimal subsidy rates are higher (lower) than uniform subsidy rates for a sufficiently high (low) degree of privatization, which could decrease (increase) social welfare. This finding sharply contrasts to the case that the committed discriminatory output subsidy always yields the highest welfare compared to non-committed cases
Partial Privatization and Subsidization in a Mixed Duopoly: R&D versus Output Subsidies
This study investigates R&D and output subsidies in a mixed duopoly with partial privatization. We show that an output subsidy is welfare-superior to an R&D subsidy policy, but the government has a higher incentive to privatize the public firm under the output subsidy than the R&D subsidy. However, when the government uses the policy mix of R&D and output subsidies together, it can achieve the first-best allocation, in which the degree of privatization does not influence output subsidies but influences R&D subsidies
The electric field of the sliding contact during the interaction of the pantograph and the contact wire
The process of transferring electrical energy from the contact wire to the pantograph takes place in a dynamic mode. Large currents are transmitted, and even the slightest separation of the sliding contact causes an arc formation. The arc creates a strong electromagnetic disturbance that spreads in the surrounding space. This disturbance interferes with communication channels, facility management systems, and telecommunications located in its influence zone. Determining the magnitude of the potential of the electric field at the point of contact will determine the degree of the harmful effect of arcing on adjacent objects and develop a technology to reduce the interfering effect