MOESM1 of Predictors of cervical cancer screening practice among HIV positive women attending adult anti-retroviral treatment clinics in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia: the application of a health belief model

Additional file 1. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire

Socio-demographic characteristics of 60 pairs of mothers and children in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia using solid and cleaner fuel for cooking.

Socio-demographic characteristics of 60 pairs of mothers and children in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia using solid and cleaner fuel for cooking.</p

Study protocol.

BackgroundNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are the most widely recognized public health measures recognized globally to prevent the spread of Covid-19. NPIs’ effectiveness may depend on the type, combination of applied interventions, and the level of proper public compliance with the NPIs. The expected outcome of behavioural practices varies relative to the intervention duration.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the trend of community compliance to NPI with Covid-19 incidence and government-initiated interventions, and its variation by residence and sociodemographic characteristics of people.MethodsA weekly non-participatory field survey on individuals’ NPI practices was observed from the 41st epidemiological week of October 5th, 2020, to the 26th epidemiological week of July 4th, 2021, a total of 39 weeks. The survey covered all 14 regional and national capital cities in Ethiopia. Data collection for the three NPI behaviours (i.e., respiratory hygiene, hand hygiene, and physical distance) was managed weekly at eight public service locations using the Open Data Kit (ODK) tool. The Covid– 19 incidence data and public health measures information from August 3rd, 2020 to July 4th, 2021 were obtained from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI).ResultsMore than 180,000 individuals were observed for their NPI practice, with an average of 5,000 observations in a week. About 43% of the observations were made in Addis Ababa, 56% were male and 75% were middle age group (18–50 years). The overall level of NPI compliance was high at the beginning of the observation then peaked around the 13th– 15th epidemiological weeks then declined during the rest of the weeks. The peak NPI compliance periods followed the high Covid-19 death incidence and government-initiated intensive public health measures weeks. Respiratory hygiene had the highest compliance above 41% whereas hand hygiene was the lowest (4%). There was a significant difference between residents of the capital city and regional cities in their level of compliance with NPI. Females comply more than males, and individuals had increased NPI compliance at the bank service and workplaces compared to those in the transport services at P = 0.000.ConclusionAn increased level of compliance with NPI was observed following intensive government-initiated Covid-19 prevention measures and an increased Covid-19 death incidence. Therefore, the intensity of government-initiated risk communication and public advocacy programs should be strengthened, possibly for similar respiratory disease pandemics in the future.</div

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist.

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist.</p

S1 Data -

BackgroundNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are the most widely recognized public health measures recognized globally to prevent the spread of Covid-19. NPIs’ effectiveness may depend on the type, combination of applied interventions, and the level of proper public compliance with the NPIs. The expected outcome of behavioural practices varies relative to the intervention duration.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the trend of community compliance to NPI with Covid-19 incidence and government-initiated interventions, and its variation by residence and sociodemographic characteristics of people.MethodsA weekly non-participatory field survey on individuals’ NPI practices was observed from the 41st epidemiological week of October 5th, 2020, to the 26th epidemiological week of July 4th, 2021, a total of 39 weeks. The survey covered all 14 regional and national capital cities in Ethiopia. Data collection for the three NPI behaviours (i.e., respiratory hygiene, hand hygiene, and physical distance) was managed weekly at eight public service locations using the Open Data Kit (ODK) tool. The Covid– 19 incidence data and public health measures information from August 3rd, 2020 to July 4th, 2021 were obtained from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI).ResultsMore than 180,000 individuals were observed for their NPI practice, with an average of 5,000 observations in a week. About 43% of the observations were made in Addis Ababa, 56% were male and 75% were middle age group (18–50 years). The overall level of NPI compliance was high at the beginning of the observation then peaked around the 13th– 15th epidemiological weeks then declined during the rest of the weeks. The peak NPI compliance periods followed the high Covid-19 death incidence and government-initiated intensive public health measures weeks. Respiratory hygiene had the highest compliance above 41% whereas hand hygiene was the lowest (4%). There was a significant difference between residents of the capital city and regional cities in their level of compliance with NPI. Females comply more than males, and individuals had increased NPI compliance at the bank service and workplaces compared to those in the transport services at P = 0.000.ConclusionAn increased level of compliance with NPI was observed following intensive government-initiated Covid-19 prevention measures and an increased Covid-19 death incidence. Therefore, the intensity of government-initiated risk communication and public advocacy programs should be strengthened, possibly for similar respiratory disease pandemics in the future.</div

COVID-19 confirmed cases, recovery and death by Epi-Week as of July 04, 2021, Ethiopia.

COVID-19 confirmed cases, recovery and death by Epi-Week as of July 04, 2021, Ethiopia.</p

Proper NPI practices by sex and age group in the capital Vs regional cities, Oct 5/2020-July 4/2021.

Proper NPI practices by sex and age group in the capital Vs regional cities, Oct 5/2020-July 4/2021.</p

Participants observed for NPI in Ethiopia (October 2020 –July 2021).

Participants observed for NPI in Ethiopia (October 2020 –July 2021).</p

Fig 1 -

Nasopharyngeal cytokine levels among 60 pairs of mothers (A) and children (B) with high (Ct-value ≤ 30), or low or undetectable (Ct-value > 30) pneumococcal density. Cytokine concentrations are presented as median (interquartile range) pg/mL. Ct, cycle threshold; ns, non-significant.</p

Trends of proper NPI practice in the Addis Ababa vs regional cities, Oct 5/2020-July 4/2021.

Trends of proper NPI practice in the Addis Ababa vs regional cities, Oct 5/2020-July 4/2021.</p