Scavenger receptor B1 facilitates the endocytosis of \u3ci\u3eEscherichia coli\u3c/i\u3e via TLR4 signaling in mammary gland infection

SCARB1 belongs to class B of Scavenger receptors (SRs) that are known to be involved in binding and endocytosis of various pathogens. SRs have emerging role in regulating innate immunity and host–pathogen interactions by acting in co-ordination with Toll-like receptors.Query Little is known about the function of SCARB1 in milk-derived mammary epithelial cells (MECs). This study reports the role of SCARB1 in infection and its potential association in TLR4 signaling on bacterial challenge in Goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). The novelty in the establishment of MEC culture lies in the method that aims to enhance the viability of the cells with intact characteristics upto a higher passage number. We represent MEC culture to be used as a potential infection model for deeper understanding of animal physiology especially around the mammary gland. On E.coli challenge the expression of SCARB1 was signifcant in induced GMECs at 6 h. Endoribonuclease-esiRNA based silencing of SCARB1 affects the expression of TLR4 and its pathways i.e. MyD88 and TRIF pathways on infection. Knockdown also affected the endocytosis of E.coli in GMECs demonstrating that E.coli uses SCARB1 function to gain entry in cells. Furthermore, we predict 3 unique protein structures of uncharacterized SCARB1 (Capra hircus) protein. Overall, we highlight SCARB1 as a main participant in host defence and its function in antibacterial advances to check mammary gland infections

Early Endoscopic Decompression in Treatment of Pediatric Ureterocles Presenting to a Single Institution and Requirement of Secondary Procedures in these Patients

The basic goals of treatment of ureterocele are preservation of renal function, relieving obstruction, preventing and managing reflux, and maintaining continence. Our study was mainly focussed on the role of early endoscopic decompression in these patients and need for a secondary procedure.The study was conducted as prospective study starting from January 2015 to December 2018, at the Division of Pediatric Surgery of the Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS) , India. Children were either diagnosed prenatally as having ureterocele or postnatally mostly presenting as urinary tract infections . All the children with diagnosis of ureterocele at ultrasonography were included, if treated by endoscopic access. Both intravesical and extravesicalureteroceles were included.Twelve patients presented with ureterocele over a 3 year period. There were 8 girls and 4 boys. 2 patients were diagnosed prenatally and 10 in postnatal period. Average age of the patients at the time of decomporssion was 16 months. 9 patients in the study group had unilateral single system ureteroceles. 2 patients had bilateral ureterocele with one patient among them having bifid system on right side. One patient had unilateral ureterocele with a bifid system. UTI was the most common presentation .Two patients in our study required a definitive surgery (16.66%) after initial decompression. Rest of the 10 patients were strictly followed up did not require a definitive surgery. Among these 10 patients one patient had bilateral ureterocele and underwent endoscopic decompression only. 9 patients had single system unilateral ureterocele and decompression sufficed in them as a definitive treatment. Among these 9 patients two had mild degree of VUR which resolved with conservative treatment. Patients who have achieved toilet training were observed for bladder dysfunction and had none till date and are still on follow-up.We recommend edoscopic decompression as a definitive treatment in unilateral single system ureteroceles ,however a close follow-up is recommended

Correlation of Glans-Urethral Meatus-Shaft scoring system for Hypospadias with Post-operative outcome

Background:There are numerous techniques for hypospadias repair and the outcome of urethroplasty depends on patient related factors and surgeon related factors. Currently there is no widely accepted scoring system for assessing the severity of hypospadias. Objective: Present study was aimed to classify the severity of hypospadias according to GMS score and correlate the score with post-operative complications. Methods:100 males with distal to mid-shaft hypospadias consecutively selected for Urethroplasty were included in this prospective study during September 2015 to March 2017. The Glans size/groove, Urethral plate width, location of meatus and severity of chordee were evaluated individually before reconstruction. After surgery and during follow-up visits, the subsequent transient and persistent complications were recorded. Results:The mean GMS score in group A, B and C was 4.78 (± 0.69), 8.19 (± 0.90) and 10.43 (± 0.51) respectively. In Group A, UC fistula was seen in 7.4% of patients whereas In Group B and Group C, UC Fistula was seen in 46.9% and 92.9% patients respectively. Meatalstenosis was not seen in patients in Group A and Group C patients. In Group B, meatal stenosis was seen in 15.6% patients. Glans Dehiscence was not seen in patients in Group A and Group C. In Group B, Glans Dehiscence was seen in 6.2% patients. Stricture Urethra was seen in 9.3% patients in group A . In Group B and Group C, Stricture Urethra was seen in 43.8% and 92.9% patients respectively. Conclusion: The Glans-Urethral Meatus-Shaft (GMS) classification provides a means by which hypospadias severity and reporting can be standardized, which may improve inter-study comparison of reconstructive outcomes. There is a strong correlation between complication risk and total GMS score

Evaluating the utility of Paediatric appendicitis score (PAS) score in case of children suspected with acute appendicitis over a period of time, correlation with ultrasonography and intra-operative findings, and a single institutional study

Introduction: Accurate and prompt diagnosis, appropriate surgical management and proper post-operative management are required in children to avoid complications. Despite intensive research and discussion, rapid, accurate diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis remains an elusive challenge. CT has better performance than US in diagnosing acute appendicitis, but the widespread use of CT is currently under scrutiny, given the increased awareness and concern about exposure to ionizing radiation in children. Paediatric appendicitis score (PAS) was developed by Samuel in 2002, has 100% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Materials and method: We undertook a study study to address the usefulness of more validated PAS, first time in Indian population, to assess role of emergency ultrasonography and its correlation with PAS and to assess impact of the PAS on patient outcomes. Results: Out of 145 patients, 111 underwent surgery (100 open appendectomies, 10 laparoscopic appendectomies). Of 111operated patients 75 (67.56%) were male and 36 (32.44%) were female. Mean (median, SD, range) duration of symptoms of appendicitis group was 2.56 (2, ±1.09, and 1-5) days. We used in PAS with cut off point 6 and showed sensitivity of 92.8% and specificity of 69.3%. Conclusion: Though this score was found to be useful in suspected cases of acute appendicitis and significant decrease was noticed in the negative and missed appendicectomy rates

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after augmentation cystoplasty in a child with neurogenic bladder

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) or leukoencephalopathy syndrome was introduced into clinical practice in 1996 by Hinchey et al., to describe unique syndrome, clinically expressed during hypertensive and uremic encephalopathy, eclampsia, and immunosuppressive therapy. Hyperperfusion with resultant disruption of the blood–brain barrier results in vasogenic edema, but not infarction, most commonly in the parieto-occipital regions. The severity of this clinical symptom varies. For example, the visual disturbance can manifest as blurred vision, homonymous hemianopsia, or even cortical blindness.Patients may be mildly confused or agitated but can become comatose.Other symptoms less commonly seen include nausea, vomiting, seizures, and brainstem deficits.Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury are both commonly present in patients with PRES. We are presenting a rare case of neurogenic bladder who developed PRES after augmentation cystoplasty due to underlying CKD

A Study on Adoption of Climate Resilient Technologies in Adopted Villages of Bandipora District under National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Project

The need to study the extent of adoption of climate resilient technologies (CRTs) under the changing climatic conditions have been at the centre of focus of many extension programmes, aimed at improving livelihood security under the current scenario. The current study was conducted in Bandipora District of Jammu and Kashmir with the objective to investigate the adoption rate of climate resilient technologies of National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Project and to study the adoption behaviour of the beneficiaries of the Project implemented by Krishi Vigyan Kendra of Bandipora. Eighty beneficiaries were selected from 4 strata by proportionate allocation method (PAM). In addition to this, 40 non-beneficiaries were also selected from same villages by simple random sampling technique (RST). The present study investigates the extent to which climate resilient technologies are being adopted by the farmers under the Project National Innovations on Climate Smart Agriculture (NICRA) in the adopted villages of Bandipora District. It further studied the association of personal profile of respondents with the extent of adoption of Climate resilient technologies. A structured interview was employed to obtain data from 120 respondents. Results revealed during the study medium to high levels of adoption by the respondents of climate resilient technologies. The profile characteristics viz. Age, gender, marital status, education, family size, land holding, occupation, annual income, farming experience, trainings attended, extension contacts, information source, scientific orientation, economic motivation and innovativeness had positive and significant association with the extent of adoption of climate resilient technologies by the farmers

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Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity among Genetically Different Genotypes of Chilli (Capsicum annum L.)

This study evaluated the antioxidant power, flavonoids and the total phenolic contents of forty-five genotypes of chilli. The antioxidant activities were tested forextraction scavenging using diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), azinobisethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), assay of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and determining total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) contents. There were a significant difference in the total phenolic content (17.38–131.5mg GAE/g dry weight), total flavonoid (14.07–56.15 mg quercetin/g dry weight), DPPH (0.55–5.60 mM AAE/g dry weight), ABTS (16.03– 38.12 mM AAE/g dry weight) and FRAP (0.80– 6.40 mM GAE/dry weight). Three genotypes viz. IC-561635, CITH-HP-22 and IC-561731 exhibited highest values for all the assays. Significant correlation coefficients were identified between TP–TF (r = 0.93) DPPH-ABTS (r= 0.71), ABTS-TP (r=0.81) and FRAP-TF (r=0.89). Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the studied genotypes into seven clusters. The identified genotypes of chilli are powerful sources of natural antioxidants that slow down the oxidation processes in the body by protecting them from the active oxygen species