Prevalence of Binary undernutrition and Undernutrition tried among the children aged 6–59 months in India, NFHS-3 and 5.

(S1 Table shows the profile of sample from NFHS-3 and NFHS-5).</p

Decomposition of change in Undernutrition tried by using multivariable binary logistic regression model in India, NFHS– 3 & NFHS– 5.

Decomposition of change in Undernutrition tried by using multivariable binary logistic regression model in India, NFHS– 3 & NFHS– 5.</p

Explanation of decomposition method.

BackgroundTo examine the socio-demographic factors associated with the decline in undernutrition among preschool children in India from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3, 2005–06 to NFHS– 5, 2019–21.MethodsFor this study data were obtained from India’s nationally representative datasets such as NFHS-3 and NFHS-5. The outcome variables for this study were Binary undernutrition which were defined as the coexistence of anemia and either stunting or wasting and Undernutrition triad which were defined as the presence of Iron deficiency anemia, stunting and wasting, respectively. Decomposition analysis was used to study the factors responsible for a decline in undernutrition. This method was employed to understand how these factors contributed to the decline in undernutrition whether due to change in the composition (change in the composition of the population) or propensity (change in the health-related behaviour of the population) of the population over a period of 16 years.ResultsResults showed that rate, which contributes 85.26% and 65.64%, respectively, to total change, was primarily responsible for a decline in both binary undernutrition and undernutrition triad. Reduction in Binary undernutrition was mainly explained by the change in the rate of education level of the mothers and media exposer during the inter-survey period. On the other hand, the decline in the Undernutrition triad can be explained by household wealth index, mother’s education, birth order and a change in people’s knowledge or practice about the preceding birth interval.ConclusionIdentifying important factors and understanding their relationship with the decline of undernutrition can be beneficial for reorienting nutrition-specific policies to achieve the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.</div

Prevalence of Binary undernutrition and Undernutrition triad among 6–59 –month-old children according to selected background characteristics in India, NFHS– 3 (2005–06) & NFHS– 5 (2019–21).

Prevalence of Binary undernutrition and Undernutrition triad among 6–59 –month-old children according to selected background characteristics in India, NFHS– 3 (2005–06) & NFHS– 5 (2019–21).</p

Sample characteristics of children aged 6–59 months in India, NFHS-3 and NFHS-5.

Sample characteristics of children aged 6–59 months in India, NFHS-3 and NFHS-5.</p

Prevalence of anemia, stunting and wasting among the children aged 6–59 months in India, NFHS-3 and 5.

Prevalence of anemia, stunting and wasting among the children aged 6–59 months in India, NFHS-3 and 5.</p

Decomposition of change in Binary undernutrition by using multivariable binary logistic regression model in India, NFHS– 3 & NFHS– 5.

Decomposition of change in Binary undernutrition by using multivariable binary logistic regression model in India, NFHS– 3 & NFHS– 5.</p

Multivariable binary logistic regression for Binary undernutrition and Undernutrition triad among 6–59 month-old children in India, NFHS– 3 & NFHS– 5.

Multivariable binary logistic regression for Binary undernutrition and Undernutrition triad among 6–59 month-old children in India, NFHS– 3 & NFHS– 5.</p

Table1_A longitudinal study of incident hypertension and its determinants in Indian adults aged 45 years and older: evidence from nationally representative WHO-SAGE study (2007–2015).docx

ObjectivesHypertension (HT) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of HT among adults aged 45 years and older in India and its associated risk factors.MethodsThis study used longitudinal data from the Indian sample of the first and second waves of the World Health Organization Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE). A bivariate analysis using Pearson's chi-square test was done to examine the associations of individual, lifestyle, and household characteristics with HT status reported in Wave 2. Incident HT changes were analyzed by adjusting for various covariates in the generalized estimating equation (logit link function) with an exchangeable correlation matrix and robust standard errors.ResultsThe study found that during the 8-year period from 2007 to 2015, the incidence of HT in individuals aged 45 years and over was 20.8%. Pre-hypertensive individuals had an overall incidence rate of 31.1 per 1,000 [95% confidence interval (CI): 26.20–35.9] and a 2.24 times higher odds ratio: 2.24 (95% CI: 1.65–3.03) of developing incident HT compared to those who were normotensive. Adults aged 45 years and older, overweight/obese individuals, and women were more at risk of incident HT.ConclusionOne in five individuals had developed HT over 8 years, with a greater risk of incident HT among women than men. Pre-hypertensive individuals were at a greater risk of developing incident HT compared to normotensive individuals. The study recommends comprehensive and effective management of pre-HT to tackle the burden of HT.</p