Estrada y el gobierno de las sociedades

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Dos modernas concepciones de Estado

Reflexiona sobre las concepciones modernas del Estado

El hecho divino de la guerra, el hecho moral de sus justas causas y el hecho jurídico de su reglamentación

La paz sobre la tierra - dice Von Holtzendorff - es el voto de toda alma sinceramente religiosa, el término de las aspiraciones morales del ideal de la humanidad. Pero ese ideal sublime y soñado por todas las generaciones que han pasado por el mundo, ha contrastado brutalmente desde la existencia de los primeros conglomerados sociales con el hecho trágico y siempre discutido de la guerra. ¡Cuánta desorientación es dable observar entre los internacionalistas, sociólogos y jurisconsultos sobre esta materia! Y es que muy pocos o ninguno han sabido distinguir los diferentes aspectos de la guerra, o mejor dicho, han confundido la guerra como hecho en sí con algunas manifestaciones susceptibles de ser reglamentadas por el Derecho Público Internacional. (...

Effect of accompanying antiretroviral drugs on virological response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C virus

The effects of antiretroviral drugs on the response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin remain uncertain. We evaluated whether antiretroviral drugs affected the response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). We conducted a retrospective analysis of two cohorts of HIV/HCV-co-infected patients treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin between 2001 and 2007 in Spain. The outcome measure was sustained virological response (SVR). Logistic regression models were used to test possible associations between non-response and pre-treatment characteristics, including accompanying antiretroviral drugs. The study sample comprised 1701 patients: 63% were infected with HCV genotype (G) 1 or 4 and 88% were taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Factors independently associated with increased odds of SVR were G2 or 3, HVC RNA <500,000 IU/mL and CDC clinical category A or B. When we adjusted for these prognostic factors and dose of ribavirin/kg, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of SVR for patients without HAART was 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.88; P = 0.144]. Taking the backbone of tenofovir and lamivudine/emtricitabine as a reference, we found that, with the exception of regimens including zidovudine, the effect of other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbones had little effect on SVR. The AOR of SVR for zidovudine and lamivudine was 0.65 (95% CI 0.46-0.93, P = 0.017). We carried out several sensitivity analyses, the results of which were consistent with the findings of the primary analysis. In conclusion, our results suggest that, with the exception of regimens including zidovudine, accompanying antiretroviral drugs have little effect on the virological response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in HIV/HCV-co-infected patients.5.068 JCR (2011) Q1, 7/70 Infectious diseases, 18/114 Microbiology, 20/261 Pharmacology & pharmac