LA FUNCIÓN DE PESCA Y EL SABER TRADICIONAL EN LA LUCHA POR EL TERRITORIO DE LA COMUNIDAD CAIÇARA DE VILA DO AVENTUREIRO, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL

Este artículo explica brevemente los procesos históricos que configuraron el territorio de la comunidad de Vila do Aventureiro, que se reivindica como caiçara. Posteriormente, se describe la sucesión de diferentes políticas de conservación, así como el papel de estas políticas en el intento de despojar del territorio a esta comunidad tradicional. También se analizan los cambios en la actividad económica de la comunidad provocados por las políticas de conservación implementadas en el territorio. Finalmente, se presenta una etnografía de la pesca caiçara con la intención de argumentar la resignificación que la población ha de Aventureiro ha asignado esta identidad para defender su territorio

Trazar la trayectoria hacia el otro mundo: La buena muerte de una jefa tradicional cucapá

This article analyzes the conception of good and bad death among contemporary cucapás in Baja California, Mexico. Through virtual ethnography, the case surrounding the death of Dona Inocência González Sáiz, the last Cucapá cacique, is exposed. The mourning ritual elaborated by the family members to trace the path to the other world is described. Based on this case, the idea of reversing a bad death to a good one is explored, through which the chief's relatives created and re-signified a place of memory to claim their ancestral past..Este artículo aborda y analiza la concepción de la buena y la mala muerte entre los cucapás contemporáneos de Baja California, México. A través de la evidencia etnográfica virtual, se expone el caso específico de la muerte de la señora Inocencia González Sáiz, última jefa tradicional cucapá. Se describe el ritual de luto elaborado por sus deudos para trazar su trayectoria hacia el otro mundo. A partir de este caso, se explora la idea de la reversión de una mala a una buena muerte, con la que los familiares de la jefa tradicional crearon y resignificaron un lugar de memoria con el objetivo de reivindicar su pasado ancestral

Evaluación de los conocimientos tecnológicos, pedagógicos y disciplinares en la enseñanza de la ciencia

Se presenta una investigación en curso enfocada en la evaluación de los conocimientos pedagógicos, disciplinares y tecnológicos en la enseñanza de la ciencia en las licenciaturas en educación preescolar, primaria y especial de la Escuela Normal Veracruzana “Enrique C. Rébsamen” en Xalapa, Veracruz, México. El estudio se propone desde una perspectiva epistemológica que estudia la inserción de la tecnología en el aula de una forma integral y sistémica, en el marco del modelo Technological, Pedagogical, Content Knowledge (TPACK) elaborado por Mishra y Koehler (2006) y Koehler y Mishra (2008), basado en el análisis del constructo Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido (PCK) de Shulman (1986; 1987). Dicho esquema fundamenta la interrelación entre los componentes pedagógicos, disciplinares y tecnológicos para la formación de docentes en la enseñanza de la ciencia. Se espera que los resultados permitan obtener información rigurosa sobre el alcance del perfil docente con relación a la enseñanza las ciencias naturales y sobretodo difundir un paradigma actualizado de la enseñanza de la ciencia desde la formación inicial docente

Avaliação dos conhecimentos tecnológicos, pedagógicos e disciplinares no ensino da ciência

This papers describes a research proyect focused on the evaluation of technological, pedagogical and content knowledge in science teaching in the preschool, primary and special education degrees at the Escuela Normal Veracruzana "Enrique C. Rébsamen" in Xalapa, Veracruz, México. The study is proposed from an epistemological perspective that studies the insertion of technology in the classroom from an integral and systemic way: the framework of the Technological, Pedagogical, Content Knowledge (TPACK) model developed by Mishra and Koehler (2006) and Koehler and Mishra (2008), based on the analysis of the construct Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) proposed by Shulman (1986; 1987). This scheme is the basis for understanding the interrelation between the pedagogical, disciplinary and technological components on teachers training for science teaching. It is expected that the results allow to obtain rigorous information about the scope of teaching profile in relation to the natural sciences teaching and spreading an innovative paradigm of the science teaching from the initial teacher training.Se presenta una investigación en curso enfocada en la evaluación de los conocimientos pedagógicos, disciplinares y tecnológicos en la enseñanza de la ciencia en las licenciaturas en educación preescolar, primaria y especial de la Escuela Normal Veracruzana “Enrique C. Rébsamen” en Xalapa, Veracruz, México. El estudio se propone desde una perspectiva epistemológica que estudia la inserción de la tecnología en el aula de una forma integral y sistémica, en el marco del modelo Technological, Pedagogical, Content Knowledge (TPACK) elaborado por Mishra y Koehler (2006) y Koehler y Mishra (2008), basado en el análisis del constructo Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido (PCK) de Shulman (1986; 1987). Dicho esquema fundamenta la interrelación entre los componentes pedagógicos, disciplinares y tecnológicos para la formación de docentes en la enseñanza de la ciencia. Se espera que los resultados permitan obtener información rigurosa sobre el alcance del perfil docente con relación a la enseñanza las ciencias naturales y sobretodo difundir un paradigma actualizado de la enseñanza de la ciencia desde la formación inicial docente.Apresenta-se uma pesquisa em andamento focada na avaliação dos conhecimentos pedagógicos, disciplinares e tecnológicos no ensino da ciência nos cursos de ensino pré-escolar e ensino primário da Escola Normal Veracruzana "Enrique C. Rébsamen" em Xalapa, Veracruz, México. O estudo é proposto no contexto do modelo "Technological, Pedagogical, Content Knowlege" (TPACK) desenvolvido por Mishra e Koehler (2006) e Koehler e Mishra (2008), com base na análise do conhecimento Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) de Shulman (1986; 1987). Este esquema baseia-se na inter-relação entre os componentes pedagógicos, disciplinares e tecnológicos para a formação de professores no ensino da ciência. Espera-se que os resultados permitam obter informações rigorosas sobre o alcance do perfil docente em relação ao ensino das ciências naturais e, sobretudo, divulgar um paradigma atualizado do ensino da ciência a partir da formação inicial de professores

Transformar la formación inicial docente: una aproximación a los perfiles de prácticas de evaluación

Se presenta los hallazgos de la fase cualitativa de una investigación de corte mixto que pretende explicar la contribución de las prácticas de evaluación en la autorregulación académica de los estudiantes normalistas. En el estudio de caso múltiple y evaluativo, se aplicaron tres entrevistas a profundidad con técnica de recuerdo, a diez formadores de docentes sobre sus prácticas de evaluación, y la implicación de los estudiantes durante el desarrollo de un curso semestral para identificar sus conocimientos docentes (SHULMAN, 1987) así como analizar la construcción de nuevos conocimientos docentes en función de los perfiles de práctica de evaluación de los aprendizajes. Los docentes fueron seleccionados según el método de sujetos voluntarios y de cuotas, entre las cuales, debían hacer uso de alguna herramienta tecnológica en el proceso de evaluación. Los hallazgos permiten identificar tres patrones o perfiles de práctica de evaluación de los aprendizajes

TÉCNICAS DE LABORATORIO PARA EL ESTUDIO DE ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES: LUPUS ERITEMATOSO SISTÉMICO

El Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune crónica, el cual afecta a múltiples órganos y tejidos. No se conocen todos los detalles de su origen. En distintas investigaciones realizadas, se puede entender que LES afecta principalmente a mujeres y se sugiere que podría estar relacionado con factores hormonales y genéticos. La prevalencia del lupus varía en diferentes regiones del mundo. En Perú, se estima que afecta alrededor de 50 de cada 100,000 habitantes al año, siendo esta enfermedad difícil de diagnosticar debido a que sus síntomas se asemejan a los de otras enfermedades. A nivel global, el lupus estaría con mayor presencia en América, Asia y el norte de Europa, especialmente entre las poblaciones hispana y afroamericana. Sin embargo, la frecuencia de LES en los países de África Occidental disminuye en comparación a los antes mencionados. El diagnóstico del lupus no se basa en la aplicación de una sola prueba, por el contrario, es necesario hacer distintas combinaciones de ensayos de laboratorio, así como evaluaciones médicas y pruebas de imágenes. Se ha observado que los autoantígenos del lupus se encuentran en células apoptóticas, lo que sugiere que estas células podrían ser la fuente de los antígenos involucrados en la enfermedad, lo cual sugiere mayor estudio de estos casos para poder ayudar al diagnóstico oportuno de esta enfermedad. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rebiol.2023.43.02.1

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Association of BMI, lipid-lowering medication, and age with prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a worldwide cross-sectional study

Background: Statins are the cornerstone treatment for patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia but research suggests it could increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population. A low prevalence of type 2 diabetes was reported in some familial hypercholesterolaemia cohorts, raising the question of whether these patients are protected against type 2 diabetes. Obesity is a well known risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate the associations of known key determinants of type 2 diabetes with its prevalence in people with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Methods: This worldwide cross-sectional study used individual-level data from the EAS FHSC registry and included adults older than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia who had data available on age, BMI, and diabetes status. Those with known or suspected homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and type 1 diabetes were excluded. The main outcome was prevalence of type 2 diabetes overall and by WHO region, and in relation to obesity (BMI ≥30·0 kg/m2) and lipid-lowering medication as predictors. The study population was divided into 12 risk categories based on age (tertiles), obesity, and receiving statins, and the risk of type 2 diabetes was investigated using logistic regression. Findings: Among 46 683 adults with individual-level data in the FHSC registry, 24 784 with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia were included in the analysis from 44 countries. 19 818 (80%) had a genetically confirmed diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Type 2 diabetes prevalence in the total population was 5·7% (1415 of 24 784), with 4·1% (817 of 19 818) in the genetically diagnosed cohort. Higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes was observed in the Eastern Mediterranean (58 [29·9%] of 194), South-East Asia and Western Pacific (214 [12·0%] of 1785), and the Americas (166 [8·5%] of 1955) than in Europe (excluding the Netherlands; 527 [8·0%] of 6579). Advancing age, a higher BMI category (obesity and overweight), and use of lipid-lowering medication were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, independent of sex and LDL cholesterol. Among the 12 risk categories, the probability of developing type 2 diabetes was higher in people in the highest risk category (aged 55–98 years, with obesity, and receiving statins; OR 74·42 [95% CI 47·04–117·73]) than in those in the lowest risk category (aged 18–38 years, without obesity, and not receiving statins). Those who did not have obesity, even if they were in the upper age tertile and receiving statins, had lower risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 24·42 [15·57–38·31]). The corresponding results in the genetically diagnosed cohort were OR 65·04 (40·67–104·02) for those with obesity in the highest risk category and OR 20·07 (12·73–31·65) for those without obesity. Interpretation: Adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in most WHO regions have a higher type 2 diabetes prevalence than in Europe. Obesity markedly increases the risk of diabetes associated with age and use of statins in these patients. Our results suggest that heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia does not protect against type 2 diabetes, hence managing obesity is essential to reduce type 2 diabetes in this patient population. Funding: Pfizer, Amgen, MSD, Sanofi-Aventis, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Regeneron

Impact of common cardio-metabolic risk factors on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: an individual-level pooled analysis of 31 cohort studies

Background: Estimates of the burden of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rely on relative risks (RRs) from non-LAC countries. Whether these RRs apply to LAC remains un- known. Methods: We pooled LAC cohorts. We estimated RRs per unit of exposure to body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL cholesterol on fatal (31 cohorts, n = 168,287) and non-fatal (13 cohorts, n = 27,554) cardiovascular diseases, adjusting for regression dilution bias. We used these RRs and national data on mean risk factor levels to estimate the number of cardiovascular deaths attributable to non-optimal levels of each risk factor. Results: Our RRs for SBP, FPG and TC were like those observed in cohorts conducted in high-income countries; however, for BMI, our RRs were consistently smaller in people below 75 years of age. Across risk factors, we observed smaller RRs among older ages. Non-optimal SBP was responsible for the largest number of attributable cardiovascular deaths ranging from 38 per 10 0,0 0 0 women and 54 men in Peru, to 261 (Dominica, women) and 282 (Guyana, men). For non-HDL cholesterol, the lowest attributable rate was for women in Peru (21) and men in Guatemala (25), and the largest in men (158) and women (142) from Guyana. Interpretation: RRs for BMI from studies conducted in high-income countries may overestimate disease burden metrics in LAC; conversely, RRs for SBP, FPG and TC from LAC cohorts are similar to those esti- mated from cohorts in high-income countries