Additional file 3: of Improving the usefulness of US mortality data: new methods for reclassification of underlying cause of death

Code file used to run the statistical model in the Stan modeling language. (STAN 3 kb

sj-docx-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948221137123 – Supplemental material for Heart failure describing the underlying cause of death: a misconception, lack of information on the true underlying causes, or both?

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948221137123 for Heart failure describing the underlying cause of death: a misconception, lack of information on the true underlying causes, or both? by Gerhard Sulo, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Enxhela Sulo, Mohsen Naghavi and Stein Emil Vollset in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health</p

Mortality and years of life lost by colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazil (1990–2015): Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>The aims of this study were to estimate all-cause and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost, investigated by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), due to colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazil and in the states; to analyze the temporal trend of these estimates over 25 years (1990–2015) compared with global estimates and according to the socioeconomic status of states of Brazil.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Databases from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) for Brazil, Brazilian states and global information were used. It was estimated the total number and the age-standardized rates of deaths and DALYs for colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in the years 1990 and 2015. We used the Socioeconomic Development Index (SDI).</p><p>Results</p><p>Physical inactivity was responsible for a substantial number of deaths (1990: 1,302; 2015: 119,351) and DALYs (1990: 31,121; 2015: 87,116) due to colorectal cancer in Brazil. From 1990 to 2015, the mortality and DALYs due to colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity increased in Brazil (0.6% and 0.6%, respectively) and decreased around the world (-0.8% and -1.1%, respectively). The Brazilian states with better socioeconomic indicators had higher rates of mortality and morbidity by colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity (p<0.01). Physical inactivity was responsible for deaths and DALYs due to colorectal cancer in Brazil.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Over 25 years, the Brazilian population showed more worrisome results than around the world. Actions to combat physical inactivity and greater cancer screening and treatment are urgent in the Brazilian states.</p></div

Relationship between age-standardized rate and DALYs from colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity and sociodemographic index of the Brazilian states in 1990 and 2015 according to sex.

<p>Rho: Spearman's correlation coefficient; ** p <0.01.</p

Age-standardized DALYs (per 100,000 inhabitants) from colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity in males and females in the Brazilian states.

<p>Age-standardized DALYs (per 100,000 inhabitants) from colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity in males and females in the Brazilian states.</p

Number and age-standardized rate (per 100,000 inhabitants) of deaths from colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity globally, in Brazil, and in the Brazilian states.

<p>Number and age-standardized rate (per 100,000 inhabitants) of deaths from colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity globally, in Brazil, and in the Brazilian states.</p

Trends in mortality and years of life lost across regions in Ethiopia: a systematic subnational analysis in global burden of disease study 1990-2019

Background: Evidence on premature mortality from any cause is vital to understanding disparities in the availability and accessibility of health care and health resource allocation across regions and city administrations, yet this evidence is often lacking. This analysis investigates the levels and trends of mortality and age-standardized Years of Life Lost (YLL) rates and explores the cause-specific burden of disease variations across nine regions and two cities in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2019. Methods: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 utilized various data sources such as national census, demographic surveillance, household surveys, health service utilization, and other relevant data. The aim of GBD 2019 was to provide comprehensive information on the number of deaths, death rates, and years of life lost (YLLs). To determine the causes of death based on age, sex, year, and location, GBD 2019 applied a Cause of Death Ensemble Modelling (CODEm) approach, which involved using mixed-effects linear models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) models. This report specifically focuses on the trends and levels of deaths from all causes and age-standardized YLL rates for the top 25 causes of death in Ethiopia. The point estimates were accompanied by 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) to provide a measure of uncertainty. Results: Overall, 559,997 (95% UI: 506,117-621,976) deaths occurred in Ethiopia in 2019 from all causes, with 317,818 (95% UI: 278,395-361,016) male deaths. In 2019 the age-standardized all-cause mortality rate was 993.5 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 915.0-1070.6). Males had a higher rate than females, 1,101.5 (963.4-1,246.0) per 100,000 population among males. A 38.2% decline in the number of deaths, a 58.4% decline in the age-standardized death rate, and a 68.3% decline in the age-standardized YLL rate were observed from 1990 to 2019 in Ethiopia. Age-standardized death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases and disorders (CMNND), non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and injuries were 368.6 (95% UI: 329.7-413.5), 553.4 (95% UI: 501.9-604.9), and 71.6 (95% UI: 61.1-82.7) per 100,000 populations respectively in 2019. Neonatal disorders, diarrheal diseases, lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, and stroke featured among the five leading specific causes of age-standardized YLL rates in all regions with different ranking orders. HIV/AIDS was the leading cause of age-standardized YLL rates in Addis Ababa and Gambella, causing respectively 4,381.9 (95% UI: 3,213.4-5,800.0) and 4,584.1 (95% UI: 2,776.2-7,087.1) YLL per 100,000 population in 2019. Tuberculosis was the leading cause of YLL in the Afar region, with YLL rates of 4,224.4 (95% UI: 3,303.1 -5,286.2) per 100,000 populations in 2019. Conclusion: There was a significant decline in age-standardized YLL rates between 1990 and 2019 across all regions, with some disparities. Neonatal disorders, diarrheal disease, lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, ischemic heart disease, and stroke were the leading causes of age-standardized YLL rates 2019 across the nation and regions. Federal, regional, and city administrative policymakers should focus on designing strategies, resources, and interventions on disease burden and avoiding leading causes of YLL. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2023;37 (SI-2)]</p

DataSheet_1_Burden of thyroid cancer in North Africa and Middle East 1990–2019.pdf

BackgroundThyroid cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among cancers of the endocrine system. We aimed to describe the trends of thyroid cancer burden in North Africa and Middle East for 1990–2019.MethodsData on burden of thyroid cancer in North Africa and Middle East from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. Decomposition analysis was used to estimate the effects of population growth, aging, and change in incident numbers on overall change of thyroid cancer incidence. Also, we used the comparative risk assessment framework of GBD to determine the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to a high body mass index (BMI).ResultsIn 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of thyroid cancer were 3.5 (2.9–4) and 0.5 (0.5–0.7) per 100,000, respectively. The highest age-standardized incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate were in Lebanon, Afghanistan, and United Arab Emirates, respectively. The ASIR of thyroid cancer in region was about 2.5 times higher among women, which had a positive association with increasing age. In 2019, the age-standardized deaths attributable to a high BMI was 16.7% of all deaths due to thyroid cancer. In 1990–2019, the overall change in thyroid cancer incident cases was a 396% increase which was mostly driven by the increase in disease-specific incidence rate (256.8%).ConclusionsWomen, the elderly above about 60 years old, and countries with a higher sociodemographic index showed higher incidence rates of thyroid cancer. Regarding our findings, it is recommended to establish preventive plans by modification in life style like weight reduction programs.</p

Image_1_Burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in North Africa and Middle East countries, 1990 to 2019: Results from the GBD study 2019.pdf

ObjectiveTo provide estimates on the regional and national burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 in the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region.Methods and materialsThe Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data were used. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), death, incidence, and prevalence rates were categorized by sex and age groups in the NAME region, in 21 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Decomposition analysis was performed to calculate the proportion of responsible factors in the emergence of new cases. Data are presented as point estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).ResultsIn the NAME region, TBL cancer caused 15,396 and 57,114 deaths in women and men, respectively, in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased by 0.7% (95% UI -20.6 to 24.1) and reached 16.8 per 100,000 (14.9 to 19.0) in 2019. All the age-standardized indices had a decreasing trend in men and an increasing trend in women from 1990 to 2019. Turkey (34.9 per 100,000 [27.6 to 43.5]) and Sudan (8.0 per 100,000 [5.2 to 12.5]) had the highest and lowest age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) in 2019, respectively. The highest and lowest absolute slopes of change in ASPR, from 1990 to 2019, were seen in Bahrain (-50.0% (-63.6 to -31.7)) and the United Arab Emirates (-1.2% (-34.1 to 53.8)), respectively. The number of deaths attributable to risk factors was 58,816 (51,709 to 67,323) in 2019 and increased by 136.5%. Decomposition analysis showed that population growth and age structure change positively contributed to new incident cases. More than 80% of DALYs could be decreased by controlling risk factors, particularly tobacco use.ConclusionThe incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates of TBL cancer increased, and the death rate remained unchanged from 1990 to 2019. All the indices and contribution of risk factors decreased in men but increased in women. Tobacco is still the leading risk factor. Early diagnosis and tobacco cessation policies should be improved.</p

DataSheet_1_Burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in North Africa and Middle East countries, 1990 to 2019: Results from the GBD study 2019.pdf

ObjectiveTo provide estimates on the regional and national burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 in the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region.Methods and materialsThe Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data were used. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), death, incidence, and prevalence rates were categorized by sex and age groups in the NAME region, in 21 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Decomposition analysis was performed to calculate the proportion of responsible factors in the emergence of new cases. Data are presented as point estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).ResultsIn the NAME region, TBL cancer caused 15,396 and 57,114 deaths in women and men, respectively, in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased by 0.7% (95% UI -20.6 to 24.1) and reached 16.8 per 100,000 (14.9 to 19.0) in 2019. All the age-standardized indices had a decreasing trend in men and an increasing trend in women from 1990 to 2019. Turkey (34.9 per 100,000 [27.6 to 43.5]) and Sudan (8.0 per 100,000 [5.2 to 12.5]) had the highest and lowest age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) in 2019, respectively. The highest and lowest absolute slopes of change in ASPR, from 1990 to 2019, were seen in Bahrain (-50.0% (-63.6 to -31.7)) and the United Arab Emirates (-1.2% (-34.1 to 53.8)), respectively. The number of deaths attributable to risk factors was 58,816 (51,709 to 67,323) in 2019 and increased by 136.5%. Decomposition analysis showed that population growth and age structure change positively contributed to new incident cases. More than 80% of DALYs could be decreased by controlling risk factors, particularly tobacco use.ConclusionThe incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates of TBL cancer increased, and the death rate remained unchanged from 1990 to 2019. All the indices and contribution of risk factors decreased in men but increased in women. Tobacco is still the leading risk factor. Early diagnosis and tobacco cessation policies should be improved.</p