Pathogenesis of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Organ Culture, Mice and Calves

Experimental intraperitoneal infection of mice with Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 at the dose of 107cells caused death in all infected mice between 18 to 24 hours. Microscopy showed suppurative tracheitis. The alveoli lumina were infiltrated with numerous inflammatory cells mainly neutrophils. Pink-stained fibrin and red blood cells were also present in the alveoli lumina. Blue shade of bacterial colonies were observed in the alveolar space and pulmonary vessels. In the aorta, there was degeneration of the endothelium, disruption of the intima and focal myolytic changes in the smooth muscle. In infected mice, scanning electron microcopy (SEM) showed cilial damage and deciliation of tracheal epithelial cells. In the lung extravasation of red blood cells in the alveolar lumina was observed. Rod-shaped bacteria were seen attached to the alveolar wall causing depression on the surfaces of the cells. Changes in the aortas were characterized by rounded endothelial cells. Some rounded endothelial cells were seen about to detach and expelled into the blood vessel lumen. Bacteria were most evident at the intercellular junction of the endothelial cells that were beginning to slough. In infected mice, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the trachea showed bacterial cells attached to deformed cilia. Necrotic and apoptotic endothelial cells were seen protruded into the lumen of the affected blood vessel. Several bacteria were attached to the plasma membrane of the endothelial cells and in the blood vessel lumen. Endothelial cells showed electron dense cytoplasmic extensions around the bacteria and as attaching and effacing lesions which were interpreted as the first steps in the phagocytosis process. In the lung, there was thickening of the alveolar septa. Bacteria were seen dividing inside the neutrophils and in the lumen of the blood vessels. Some bacteria were also seen in vacuolated macrophages. Endothelial cells showed apoptosis. Fibrin was present in the alveolar lumina. In the aorta, endothelial cells were fragmented and detached from the basement membranes. Bacteria were attached to the fragmented endothelium. Calves inoculated intranasally with 3.0 x1010 P. multocida serotype B:2 following stressed with dexamethasone developed septicaemia and fibrinous pleuropneumonia. All infected calves died between 24 to 48 hours. Thrombi were observed in the nasal cavity and lung. It is therefore believed that the P. multocida had gained entry into the blood vessel of the nasal cavity and / or lung to various organs causing septicaemia. This is validated by the isolation of pure growth of P. multocida from various congested organs following intranasal infection

THE IMPACT OF PETROLEUM PRICES ON VEGETABLE OILS PRICES: EVIDENCE FROM COINTEGRATION TESTS

This paper investigate the long-term relationship between the petroleum and vegetable oils prices represented by palm, soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oils prices. To that end, the bivariate cointegration approach using Engle-Granger two-stage estimation procedure is applied. The study utilises monthly data over the period of January 1983 through March 2008. The results provide a strong evidence of long-run equilibrium relation between the two products prices. The estimates of the error correction models reveal a unidirectional long-run causality flowing from petroleum to each of the vegetable oils prices under study.Vegetable oils prices, petroleum prices, cointegration, causality tests, Agribusiness, Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing, Q11 Agricultural Prices,

An econometric analysis of the link between biodiesel demand and Malaysian palm oil market

The objective of this study is to describe the important factors affecting Malaysian palm oil industry especially biodiesel demand. To that end a market model representing palm oil production, import, world excess demand, domestic consumption, export demand, rest of the world excess supply and palm oil prices is formulated.A system of equations of eight structural equations and four identities is estimated by two stage least squares method using annual data for the period 1976-2008.The domestic price equation is formed to investigate the link between biodiesel demand and the Malaysian palm oil market. The domestic price is significantly affected by Malaysian ending stock, world palm oil price, biodiesel demand and lagged domestic price. The elasticity of Malaysian palm oil domestic price with respect to biodiesel demand is then obtained. Results suggest that biodiesel demand has a positive impact on the Malaysian palm oil domestic price. Thus, significant growth in biodiesel demand is important in explaining Malaysian palm oil price determination

The impact of petroleum prices on vegetable oils prices: evidence from co-integration tests

The prices of petroleum and vegetable oils appear to be moving in tandem, a trend which was not observed before. This study seeks to investigate the long-term relationship between the prices of crude oil and selected vegetable oils. To that end, the bivariate co-integration approach using the Engle-Granger two-stage estimation procedure was applied. The study utilized monthly data over the period of January 1983 through March 2008. The results provide strong evidence of a long-run relationship between the two product prices

Deletion and Grammatical Appreciation in the Nouns Mentioned in (Sharh Al-Radi on Al-Kafia, 686 A.H.

The research is to show and clarify the term grammatical assessment by one of the prominent Arab grammarians, namely Al-Radhi in his book ``Sharh Al-Radhi on Al Kafiah,'' which is an explanation of the sufficient text by Ibn Al-Hajeb. Either it is nominative, accusative, or protracted, and here we have devoted our research to studying the grammatical estimation in the accusative nouns only, whether or not he has two rights. Keywords: deletion, appreciation, grammar, Radhi, Shafiy

Supply and Demand Model for the Malaysian Cocoa Market

This paper investigates a system of supply, demand, and price equations for Malaysian cocoa using annual data over the period 1975-2008. Theoretically, in supply and demand models, the price variable is treated as endogenous. However, Hausman specification test result indicates that there is no simultaneity problem in the model. Thus, we estimate the system of equations utilizing the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimation technique which might be considered a more efficient estimator for supply and demand model of the Malaysian cocoa. The results suggest that the Malaysian cocoa production is mainly affected by the previous year production, price of cocoa beans at lag two as well as the harvested area. In the export demand equation, the real effective exchange rates is statistically significant determinant while the index of industrial production of advanced economies and the world price of cocoa are found to be insignificant. The results also suggest that both Malaysian industrial production index and domestic price of cocoa beans are key determinants of domestic demand for cocoa beans in Malaysia. Finally, the domestic price of cocoa beans is highly sensitive to its domestic consumption, lagged domestic price, and its world price.Supply and Demand; Malaysian Cocoa; SUR technique

Impact of a Designed Nursing Teaching Protocol on Quality of Life of Patients with Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia at Assiut University Hospital

Chronic lower limb ischemia is a prevalent systemic atherosclerotic disease that impairs a patient's quality of life and untreated disease can lead to limb loss. The aim was; to evaluate the impact of a designed nursing teaching protocol on quality of life of patients with chronic lower limb ischemia. Research hypotheses; Participants will have less disease symptoms as compared to prior application of nursing protocol, The functional capacity will improve as presented by ankle brachial index, The knowledge of studied patients after application of nursing protocol will be higher than their knowledge before protocol, and quality of life of participants will improve. A quasi – experimental research design was utilized. The study was conducted at vascular surgery department and its outpatient clinics of Assuit University Hospital. A convenience sample of sixty adult male and female patients. Tools for data collection; tool I "Patients' structured assessment sheet", tool II “Vascular quality of life questionnaire".  The control group exposed to routine hospital care and assessed two times by using tool I and tool II. While study group patients received the contents of the designed nursing teaching protocol and assessed two times also by using the same tools. Data was collected & analyzed. Results concluded that; all patients in both groups were having unsatisfactory level of knowledge about disease in the time of admission. While in the time of follow up; the control group still had unsatisfactory level of knowledge and most of the study group patients became having satisfactory level of knowledge which reflected into their quality of life. As their quality of life became good. Theses study findings documented that; the more information the patient is provided the better equips to manage this chronic disorder. Keywords: Nursing teaching protocol, Quality of life, Chronic lower limb ischemia

Malaysian Cocoa Market Modeling: A Combination of Econometric and System Dynamics Approach

The Malaysian cocoa sector has undergone dramatic changes during the last few decades. In the early years of 1970s, this sector has maintained an upward trend in the area and consequently the production. However, the trend reversed in the late 1980s due to factors such as declining world prices, higher labour costs, widespread of cocoa pod diseases and the pull of more lucrative crops (in particular palm oil). By 2008 only about 19,976 hectares were planted with cocoa compared to a peak of 414,236 ha in 1989. Production of cocoa beans has trended down accordingly. The study combines the econometric and system dynamics approach in modeling the Malaysian cocoa market. A first order system was developed to capture the interdependencies of the major structural elements of the markets such as production, local and export demands, inventory and imports. Nevertheless, the model provides an understanding of the interrelationships between the system components and allows the simulation of policy variables changes. Future work will involve a detail examination of the interaction cocoa supply chain system (from farm to export) to provide a much more comprehensive representations of the dynamics of the market.Econometric methods; system dynamics; Malaysian cocoa market

The impact of the changes of the world crude oil prices on the natural rubber industry in Malaysia

This paper investigates the impact of world crude oil price on the supply, demand, stock, synthetic rubber and natural rubber (NR) prices (represented by SMR20) of the Malaysian NR industry using econometric system of equations. The study utilises monthly data from January 1990 – December 2010. A preliminary data analysis focused on univariate properties of the data series for unit root. The Granger causality test is conducted to examine the direction and relationship between the variables. The time series model is estimated using Vector Error Correction Method (VECM) with co-integration method for residual error correction of the system of equations. The results indicate that crude oil price and the supply, demand, stock, synthetic and natural rubber (SMR20) prices are significantly co-integrated, which means that the long-term equilibrium between the variables are met