Assessment criteria of the ecological aesthetic index (EAI) that is calculated as the weighted sum of the trophic state index (TSI), the plant landscape visual hierarchy indicator (PLVHI), the acoustic environmental indicator (AEI) and the odour indicator (OI).

Assessment criteria of the ecological aesthetic index (EAI) that is calculated as the weighted sum of the trophic state index (TSI), the plant landscape visual hierarchy indicator (PLVHI), the acoustic environmental indicator (AEI) and the odour indicator (OI).</p

Dominant aquatic plants for purifying agricultural drainage in the Fujin National Wetland Park (FNWP).

Dominant aquatic plants for purifying agricultural drainage in the Fujin National Wetland Park (FNWP).</p

Location and monitoring sites of the Fujin National Wetland Park (FNWP).

Location and monitoring sites of the Fujin National Wetland Park (FNWP).</p

Problem and answer domains of restoring farmland to wetland.

The objective is a workflow that shows the problem domain (agricultural drainage) and the answer domain (aquatic plants) from farmland to wetland. During this process of wetland restoration, aquatic plants are the biotechnological medium for removing pollutants (function) while improving the beauty (form) of FNWP from an ecological aesthetic perspective.</p

Calculated indicators and EAI of the inlet and outlet during different seasons.

Calculated indicators and EAI of the inlet and outlet during different seasons.</p

Seasonal variation in the ratio of BOD₅/COD_Mn in the wetland inlet and outlet.

There are non-significant differences between two error bars sharing the same letter.</p

Ecological aesthetic assessment of a rebuilt wetland restored from farmland and management implications for National Wetland Parks - Fig 3

Seasonal variations in total nitrogen (a, TN), chemical oxygen demand (b, CODMn), biochemical oxygen demand (c, BOD5), chlorophyll-a (d) and Secchi depth (e, SD) in the wetland.</p

Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) of wetland treatment on the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chlorophyll-a and Secchi depth (SD).

Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) of wetland treatment on the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chlorophyll-a and Secchi depth (SD).</p

The comparative effects of using aquatic plants for agricultural drainage treatment.

(a) Current status: low water transparency and many water pollutants, attributed to limited plant types, simple assemblages and insufficient plant amounts during the conversion of farmland to wetland; (b) desired status: high water transparency and fewer pollutants resulting from diverse and purification-effective plant arrangement, with more visual appeal.</p

Seasonal variations in removal efficiency for TN and BOD₅.

Seasonal variations in removal efficiency for TN and BOD5.</p