CG models of phospholipids.

(A) λ-shaped DMPC. (B) h-shaped DMPC. (C) h-shaped DMPG. (D) h-shaped DOPC. Red and black circles refer to head groups and hydrophobic tails, respectively.</p

Snapshots of a restrained (A) DMPC and (B) DPPC lipid at different locations relative to the membrane center.

At each location 11 independent frames in equilibrium states are presented. Different frames are represented by different colors. Thick bonds stand for head groups, while thin bonds stand for hydrophobic tails.</p

Membrane pores induced by magainin and melittin: The threshold pore forming peptide concentration C_pep, the pore model, the number of peptides inside a pore N_pep, and the inner diameter D_pore.

<p>DT denotes the disordered toroidal model [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0198049#pone.0198049.ref074" target="_blank">74</a>], B denotes the barrel-stave model [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0198049#pone.0198049.ref075" target="_blank">75</a>], and C denotes the carpet model [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0198049#pone.0198049.ref076" target="_blank">76</a>].</p

CG mappings for 20 amino acid residues.

<p>CG mappings for 20 amino acid residues.</p

Equilibrium bonds, angles and corresponding force constants for amino acids: B stands for backbone bead and S represents side-chain bead.

Equilibrium bonds, angles and corresponding force constants for amino acids: B stands for backbone bead and S represents side-chain bead.</p

Snapshots of (A) fluid phase DMPC and (B) gel phase DPPC lipid bilayers at various <i>a</i>_prj.

Snapshots of (A) fluid phase DMPC and (B) gel phase DPPC lipid bilayers at various aprj.</p

Membrane tension as a function of projected area per lipid <i>a</i>_prj for DMPC, DOPC, fluid phase DPPC and gel phase DPPC bilayers.

<p>Membrane tension as a function of projected area per lipid <i>a</i>_prj for DMPC, DOPC, fluid phase DPPC and gel phase DPPC bilayers.</p

Snapshots of tensionless (A) DMPC, (B) DOPC, (C) gel phase DPPC, and (D) fluid phase DPPC bilayers.

<p>Snapshots of tensionless (A) DMPC, (B) DOPC, (C) gel phase DPPC, and (D) fluid phase DPPC bilayers.</p

Time evolution of the formation of a vesicle composed of 1152 DMPC lipids.

<p>Time evolution of the formation of a vesicle composed of 1152 DMPC lipids.</p

Equilibrium bonds, angles and corresponding force constants for DMPC, DMPG, DPPC, and DOPC lipids.

<p>The angle with the superscript a and b is for DPPC and DOPC lipid, respectively.</p