25 research outputs found
Scores of T2DM self-management behavior for each dimension (N = 364).
?<p>The index scoring = (actual total score/possible highest score) ×100%.</p
Self-Management Behavior in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Western Urban China
<div><p>Purpose</p><p>To investigate the current status of diabetic self-management behavior and the factors influencing this behavior in Chengdu, a typical city in western China.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We performed stratified sampling in 6 urban districts of Chengdu. We used questionnaires concerning self-management knowledge, self-management beliefs, self-management efficacy, social support, and self-management behavior to investigate patients with T2DM from August to November 2011. All of the data were analyzed using the SPSS 17.0 statistical package.</p><p>Results</p><p>We enrolled a total of 364 patients in the present study. The median score of self-management behavior was 111.00, the interquartile range was 100.00–119.00, and the index score was 77.77. Self-management was described as “good” in 46%, “fair” in 45%, and “poor” in 6% of patients. A multiple-factor analysis identified age (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20–0.91; <i>P</i> = 0.026), education in “foot care” (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18–0.99; <i>P</i> = 0.048), self-management knowledge (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80–0.92; <i>P</i><0.001), self-management belief (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87–0.97; <i>P</i> = 0.002), self-efficacy (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90–0.96; <i>P</i><0.001), and social support (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41–0.94; <i>P</i> = 0.023) as positive factors. Negative factors included diabetes duration (5–9 years: OR, 14.82; 95% CI, 1.64–133.73; <i>P</i> = 0.016; and ≥10 years: OR, 10.28; 95% CI, 1.06–99.79; <i>P</i> = 0.045) and hospitalization experience (OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.64–5.36; <i>P</i><0.001).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We observed good self-management behavior in patients with T2DM in Chengdu. When self-management education is provided, age, education, knowledge, belief, self-efficacy, and social support should be considered to offer more appropriate intervention and to improve patients' behavior.</p></div
Correlation analysis between behavior and knowledge, belief,self-efficacy and social support (N = 364).
<p>The data are non-normally distributed; therefore, Spearman rank correlation was used. <b>*</b><i>P</i><0.05; <b>**</b><i>P</i><0.01.</p
Grade of T2DM self-management behavior for each dimension (N = 364)<sup>△</sup>.
△<p>Score index: scoring <60% represents “poor”; 60%–80% indicates “fair”; and ≥80% implies “good”.</p
Relationship between patient characteristics and self-management behavior.
?<p>Mann-Whitney U test; <sup>△</sup>Kruskal-Wallis H test.</p
Multiple-factor analysis of self-management behavior.
<p>Multiple-factor analysis of self-management behavior.</p
Additional file 1: of Morphological plasticity in Myxobolus BĂźtschli, 1882: a taxonomic dilemma case and renaming of a parasite species of the common carp
Figure S1. The intralamellar vascular site preference of M. pseudoacinosus in gills. a The plasmodia of M. pseudoacinosus developed in the lumen of lamellar capillaries. The area highlighted in blue represents the gill lamellae. b The site preference type of M. pseudoacinosus met the definition of intralamellar vascular type 3 (LV3) from the classification system of MolnĂĄr [35]. Abbreviations: P, plasmodia; LV, intralamellar vascular. (TIF 4655 kb
Fluorinated liquid crystals and their mixtures giving polar phases with enhanced low-temperature stability
The fluid ferroelectrics, called ferroelectric nematics (NF), have recently become available by incorporating strong polarity into rod-shaped liquid crystal molecules. Its unprecedented electro-optic properties have created significant excitement in soft matter research. The further progression from the NF phase to the antiferroelectric smectic Z (SmZA) phase, and ultimately to the ferroelectric Smectic A (SmAF) phase, represents a remarkable journey in emerging polar liquid crystal states. Nevertheless, the limitation of NF liquid crystal materials remains one of the prominent obstacles to physical property optimization and optoelectronic device development. In this work, we synthesized a series of fluorinated liquid crystal molecules with large dipole moments and systematically investigated their phase behavior. We designed them with a similar fluorinated aromatic skeleton and varied the structures of the terminal group and bridging bond. We found that the dipole moment density and shape anisotropy significantly affect the phase behavior. Notably, diverse polar liquid crystal phases, including NF, SmZA, and SmAF were observed. Through a multi-component mixing strategy, we successfully achieved a much-expanded temperature window and improved low-temperature stability not only in the NF phase but also in the SmZA and SmAF phases.</p
Development of Fluorinated Colorless Polyimides of Restricted Dihedral Rotation toward Flexible Substrates with Thermal Robustness
With
the rapid expansion of product forms of flexible displays
and electronics, the replacement of brittle glass-based substrates
with transparent polymer materials is strongly demanded. Colorless
polyimides (CPIs) are reckoned as the most promising transparent polymer
substrate materials due to their inherent thermal stability, electrical
insulation, high transparency, excellent foldability, and proven roll-to-roll
processing capability. However, CPIs prepared based on current common
strategies have obvious weakness of either transparency or/and thermal/mechanical
stability, all of which cannot fulfill the harsh requirements of high-temperature
device fabrication. Through great effort, we have developed a series
of CPIs based on newly designed highly fluorinated aromatic diamines.
The strong electron-withdrawing nature and high bond energy of Ar–F
and Ar–CF3 enable a high level of optical transparency
while retaining high thermal decomposition stability. This is realized
importantly due to the restricted dihedral rotation effect in specific
diamines, where multiple –F or –CF3 substitutions
effectively restrict the free torsion of benzene rings and create
the unique geometrical isomerism. This effect brings the advantages
of high glass transition temperatures via increasing the chain rigidity
and improved optical transparency due to the breaking of electron
conjugation along the chain. Upon further copolymerization optimizations,
an excellent synergy ascension in CPI films among high optical transparency,
high thermal robustness, and mechanical strength, as well as low thermal
expansion, has been achieved, making them promising candidates for
new flexible electronics
Development of Fluorinated Colorless Polyimides of Restricted Dihedral Rotation toward Flexible Substrates with Thermal Robustness
With
the rapid expansion of product forms of flexible displays
and electronics, the replacement of brittle glass-based substrates
with transparent polymer materials is strongly demanded. Colorless
polyimides (CPIs) are reckoned as the most promising transparent polymer
substrate materials due to their inherent thermal stability, electrical
insulation, high transparency, excellent foldability, and proven roll-to-roll
processing capability. However, CPIs prepared based on current common
strategies have obvious weakness of either transparency or/and thermal/mechanical
stability, all of which cannot fulfill the harsh requirements of high-temperature
device fabrication. Through great effort, we have developed a series
of CPIs based on newly designed highly fluorinated aromatic diamines.
The strong electron-withdrawing nature and high bond energy of Ar–F
and Ar–CF3 enable a high level of optical transparency
while retaining high thermal decomposition stability. This is realized
importantly due to the restricted dihedral rotation effect in specific
diamines, where multiple –F or –CF3 substitutions
effectively restrict the free torsion of benzene rings and create
the unique geometrical isomerism. This effect brings the advantages
of high glass transition temperatures via increasing the chain rigidity
and improved optical transparency due to the breaking of electron
conjugation along the chain. Upon further copolymerization optimizations,
an excellent synergy ascension in CPI films among high optical transparency,
high thermal robustness, and mechanical strength, as well as low thermal
expansion, has been achieved, making them promising candidates for
new flexible electronics