Solution Structure of (rGCGGACGC)₂ by Two-Dimensional NMR and the Iterative Relaxation Matrix Approach^†

The three-dimensional solution structure of the RNA self-complementary duplex was derived from two-dimensional NMR and the iterative relaxation matrix approach. Each GA mismatch forms two hydrogen bonds:  A-NH6 to G-O6 and A-N1 to G-NH1 (imino). This is the first three-dimensional RNA structure with imino hydrogen-bonded tandem GA mismatches. This GA structure is totally different from the sheared tandem GA structure in which also has two hydrogen bonds:  A-N7 to G-NH2 and A-NH6 to G-N3 [SantaLucia, J., Jr., & Turner, D. H. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 12612−12623]. In particular, the sheared and imino GA mismatches produce a narrowing and widening of the backbone, respectively. The results show that substitutions of Watson−Crick base pairs can have dramatic effects on the three-dimensional structures of adjacent non-Watson−Crick paired regions; i.e., the structure depends on sequence context. Thus compensating substitutions in site-directed mutagenesis experiments may not always restore biological activities

Table_4_The Nitrogen Removal Ability of Salt Marsh Improved After Grazing Prohibition.docx

Grazing prohibition has been used for some conservation purposes in salt marshes. However, the impact of this measure on microbe-mediated key nitrogen removal processes remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of grazing prohibition on potential rates of nitrification and denitrification under short- and long-term grazing prohibition in high and middle elevation of the Dongtan salt marsh on Chongming Island, China. Compared with short-term grazing prohibition, we found that long-term grazing prohibition significantly increased nitrification and denitrification (except for nitrification in the high marsh), which indicates that the nitrogen removal ability of the salt marsh was improved along with the grazing prohibition time. Furthermore, we found that nitrification and denitrification in the high marsh were largely affected by NH4+ and soil moisture, respectively. Nitrification and denitrification in the middle marsh were mainly controlled by soil organic carbon (SOC) and nirS gene abundances, respectively. Our results indicate that the implementation of scientific and reasonable grazing prohibition policies in salt marshes has great potential to restore their ecosystem functions, maintain their ecosystem balance and realize their sustainable development.</p

Table_1_The Nitrogen Removal Ability of Salt Marsh Improved After Grazing Prohibition.docx

Grazing prohibition has been used for some conservation purposes in salt marshes. However, the impact of this measure on microbe-mediated key nitrogen removal processes remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of grazing prohibition on potential rates of nitrification and denitrification under short- and long-term grazing prohibition in high and middle elevation of the Dongtan salt marsh on Chongming Island, China. Compared with short-term grazing prohibition, we found that long-term grazing prohibition significantly increased nitrification and denitrification (except for nitrification in the high marsh), which indicates that the nitrogen removal ability of the salt marsh was improved along with the grazing prohibition time. Furthermore, we found that nitrification and denitrification in the high marsh were largely affected by NH4+ and soil moisture, respectively. Nitrification and denitrification in the middle marsh were mainly controlled by soil organic carbon (SOC) and nirS gene abundances, respectively. Our results indicate that the implementation of scientific and reasonable grazing prohibition policies in salt marshes has great potential to restore their ecosystem functions, maintain their ecosystem balance and realize their sustainable development.</p

Table_2_The Nitrogen Removal Ability of Salt Marsh Improved After Grazing Prohibition.docx

Grazing prohibition has been used for some conservation purposes in salt marshes. However, the impact of this measure on microbe-mediated key nitrogen removal processes remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of grazing prohibition on potential rates of nitrification and denitrification under short- and long-term grazing prohibition in high and middle elevation of the Dongtan salt marsh on Chongming Island, China. Compared with short-term grazing prohibition, we found that long-term grazing prohibition significantly increased nitrification and denitrification (except for nitrification in the high marsh), which indicates that the nitrogen removal ability of the salt marsh was improved along with the grazing prohibition time. Furthermore, we found that nitrification and denitrification in the high marsh were largely affected by NH4+ and soil moisture, respectively. Nitrification and denitrification in the middle marsh were mainly controlled by soil organic carbon (SOC) and nirS gene abundances, respectively. Our results indicate that the implementation of scientific and reasonable grazing prohibition policies in salt marshes has great potential to restore their ecosystem functions, maintain their ecosystem balance and realize their sustainable development.</p

Table_5_The Nitrogen Removal Ability of Salt Marsh Improved After Grazing Prohibition.docx

Grazing prohibition has been used for some conservation purposes in salt marshes. However, the impact of this measure on microbe-mediated key nitrogen removal processes remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of grazing prohibition on potential rates of nitrification and denitrification under short- and long-term grazing prohibition in high and middle elevation of the Dongtan salt marsh on Chongming Island, China. Compared with short-term grazing prohibition, we found that long-term grazing prohibition significantly increased nitrification and denitrification (except for nitrification in the high marsh), which indicates that the nitrogen removal ability of the salt marsh was improved along with the grazing prohibition time. Furthermore, we found that nitrification and denitrification in the high marsh were largely affected by NH4+ and soil moisture, respectively. Nitrification and denitrification in the middle marsh were mainly controlled by soil organic carbon (SOC) and nirS gene abundances, respectively. Our results indicate that the implementation of scientific and reasonable grazing prohibition policies in salt marshes has great potential to restore their ecosystem functions, maintain their ecosystem balance and realize their sustainable development.</p

Table_6_The Nitrogen Removal Ability of Salt Marsh Improved After Grazing Prohibition.docx

Grazing prohibition has been used for some conservation purposes in salt marshes. However, the impact of this measure on microbe-mediated key nitrogen removal processes remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of grazing prohibition on potential rates of nitrification and denitrification under short- and long-term grazing prohibition in high and middle elevation of the Dongtan salt marsh on Chongming Island, China. Compared with short-term grazing prohibition, we found that long-term grazing prohibition significantly increased nitrification and denitrification (except for nitrification in the high marsh), which indicates that the nitrogen removal ability of the salt marsh was improved along with the grazing prohibition time. Furthermore, we found that nitrification and denitrification in the high marsh were largely affected by NH4+ and soil moisture, respectively. Nitrification and denitrification in the middle marsh were mainly controlled by soil organic carbon (SOC) and nirS gene abundances, respectively. Our results indicate that the implementation of scientific and reasonable grazing prohibition policies in salt marshes has great potential to restore their ecosystem functions, maintain their ecosystem balance and realize their sustainable development.</p

Table_3_The Nitrogen Removal Ability of Salt Marsh Improved After Grazing Prohibition.docx

Grazing prohibition has been used for some conservation purposes in salt marshes. However, the impact of this measure on microbe-mediated key nitrogen removal processes remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of grazing prohibition on potential rates of nitrification and denitrification under short- and long-term grazing prohibition in high and middle elevation of the Dongtan salt marsh on Chongming Island, China. Compared with short-term grazing prohibition, we found that long-term grazing prohibition significantly increased nitrification and denitrification (except for nitrification in the high marsh), which indicates that the nitrogen removal ability of the salt marsh was improved along with the grazing prohibition time. Furthermore, we found that nitrification and denitrification in the high marsh were largely affected by NH4+ and soil moisture, respectively. Nitrification and denitrification in the middle marsh were mainly controlled by soil organic carbon (SOC) and nirS gene abundances, respectively. Our results indicate that the implementation of scientific and reasonable grazing prohibition policies in salt marshes has great potential to restore their ecosystem functions, maintain their ecosystem balance and realize their sustainable development.</p

Seasonal dynamics of SOC content in soils under different vegetation types.

<p>Seasonal dynamics of SOC content in soils under different vegetation types.</p

Additional file 1: of A family pedigree of malignancies associated with BRCA1 pathogenic variants: a reflection of the state of art in China

Table S1. Details of the genetic testing for the proband. (DOCX 16 kb

The geographical location of the study area.

<p>The geographical location of the study area.</p