Changes in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts from the leaves of watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) seedlings stored in light (C, E, G) or darkness (B, D, F) at 15°C for 0 (A), 2 (B, C), 4 (D, E), or 6 (F, G) days.

<p>Bar = 1 µm. Abbreviations: ST, stroma thylakoid; G, grana thylakoid; SG, starch grain; OG, osmiophilic globule.</p

Effect of storage duration on the post-storage chlorophyll content (A) and maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) (B) from the leaves of watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) seedlings.

<p>Seedlings were transplanted for 6 days after being stored at 15°C in the dark (<i>black</i>) or in the light (<i>gray</i>) for 2–6 days. The controls (<i>white</i>) were taken from seedlings that had never been stored. Data in A are the means of five replicates, and data in B are the means of ten replicates. Standard errors are shown with a vertical bar. Small letters indicate significant differences between treatments on a given day according to the Tukey test (P<0.05).</p

Effect of storage duration on the post-storage ultrastructure of chloroplasts from the leaves of watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) seedlings.

<p>Seedlings were transplanted for 6 days after being stored in the dark (A, B, C) or in the light (D, E, F) for 2 (A, D), 4 (B, E), or 6 (C, F) days at 15°C. Bar = 1 µm. Abbreviations: ST, stroma thylakoid; G, grana thylakoid; SG, starch grain; OG, osmiophilic globule.</p

The net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), stomatal limitation (Ls) of mature leaves, and shoot dry weight of watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) seedlings before and after 6 days of storage.

<p>Means in columns followed by different letters are significantly different by Tukey test at P<0.05.</p><p>The net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), stomatal limitation (Ls) of mature leaves, and shoot dry weight of watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) seedlings before and after 6 days of storage.</p

Effect of storage duration on the post-storage percentage dry weight increase in shoots of watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) seedlings.

<p>Seedlings were transplanted for 6 days after being stored at 15°C in the dark (<i>black</i>) or in the light (<i>gray</i>) for 2–6 days. The controls (<i>white</i>) were taken from seedlings that have never been stored. Data are the means of twelve replicates; standard errors are shown with a vertical bar. Small letters indicate significant differences between treatments on a given day according to the Tukey test (P<0.05).</p

Total Synthesis of (+)-Chimonanthine, (+)-Folicanthine, and (−)-Calycanthine

Facile, straightforward, and asymmetric total syntheses of (+)-chimonanthine (<b>1</b>), (+)-folicanthine (<b>2</b>), and (−)-calycanthine (<b>3</b>) were accomplished in four to five steps from commercially available tryptamine. The synthesis features copper-mediated asymmetric cyclodimerization of chiral tryptamine derivative, which established a new entry into constructing the sterically hindered vicinal quaternary stereogenic carbon centers of dimeric hexahydropyrroloindole alkaloids in one procedure. An unprecedented base-induced isomerization from the chimonanthine skeleton to the calycanthine skeleton was observed and facilitated the synthesis of (−)-calycanthine (<b>3</b>)

Neighbor-joining trees of HIV-1 env C2-V5 sequences individually from six inoculum and transmission pairs.

<p>Aligned nucleotide sequences for six inoculums and transmitted variants were used to generate neighbor-joining trees for individual viral pairs. (A) HIV-1 subtype B, IIIB; (B) HIV-1 subtype B, BAL; (C) HIV-1 subtype B, clinical isolate 074; (D) HIV-1 subtype B, clinical isolate 015; (E) HIV-1 subtype A, RW92008; (F) HIV-1 subtype C, IN93999. White circles: the sequences of the inoculum viruses; black circles: the sequences of the transmitted viruses.</p

Copper-Catalyzed Radical Cyclization To Access 3‑Hydroxypyrroloindoline: Biomimetic Synthesis of Protubonine A

An unprecedented copper-catalyzed intramolecular radical cyclization was developed for the synthesis of 3-hydroxypyrroloindoline skeletons in excellent yields. The 3-hydroxyl group was introduced by trapping the radical intermediate with molecular oxygen or TEMPO. This process represents a unique radical oxidation pathway for tryptamine/tryptophan derivatives and allows a rapid biomimetic synthesis of natural product protubonine A

Diversity analysis of the six HIV-1 isolates before and after their mucosal transmission.

<p>Diversity analysis of envelope sequences (C2–V5) from different isolates was performed using MEGA5.0 software. Nucleic acid intra-population diversity was calculated based on nucleotide sequences. The differences between the diversity were plotted as intra-population distances as a function of inoculums and transmitted viruses. Statistical significance of the diversity differences between the inoculums and transmitted viruses was performed using two-sample tests <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032539#pone.0032539-Gilbert1" target="_blank">[25]</a>. (A) HIV-1 subtype B, IIIB; (B) HIV-1 subtype B, BAL; (C) HIV-1 subtype B, clinical isolate 074; (D) HIV-1 subtype B, clinical isolate 015, (E) HIV-1 subtype A, RW92008; (F) HIV-1 subtype C isolate, IN93999.</p

Measurement of the transmitted HIV-1 IIIB diversity from serially diluted viral inoculums.

<p>The viral diversity of the viral inoculum is 1.20±0.09%.</p><p>*No significant difference in viral diversity between the inoculum and all the three different transmitted variants.</p