Coiled Conformation Hollow Carbon Nanosphere Cathode and Anode for High Energy Density and Ultrafast Chargeable Hybrid Energy Storage

Lithium-ion batteries and pseudocapacitors are nowadays popular electrochemical energy storage for many applications, but their cathodes and anodes are still limited to accommodate rich redox ions not only for high energy density but also sluggish ion diffusivity and poor electron conductivity, hindering fast recharge. Here, we report a strategy to realize high-capacity/high-rate cathode and anode as a solution to this challenge. Multiporous conductive hollow carbon (HC) nanospheres with microporous shells for high capacity and hollow cores/mesoporous shells for rapid ion transfer are synthesized as cathode materials using quinoid:benzenoid (Q:B) unit resins of coiled conformation, leading to ∼5-fold higher capacities than benzenoid:benzenoid resins of linear conformation. Also, Ge-embedded Q:B HC nanospheres are derived as anode materials. The atomic configuration and energy storage mechanism elucidate the existence of mononuclear GeOx units giving ∼7-fold higher ion diffusivity than bulk Ge while suppressing volume changes during long ion-insertion/desertion cycles. Moreover, hybrid energy storage with a Q:B HC cathode and Ge–Q:B HC anode exploit the advantages of capacitor-type cathode and battery-type anode electrodes, as exhibited by battery-compatible high energy density (up to 285 Wh kg–1) and capacitor-compatible ultrafast rechargeable power density (up to 22 600 W kg–1), affording recharge within a minute

Coiled Conformation Hollow Carbon Nanosphere Cathode and Anode for High Energy Density and Ultrafast Chargeable Hybrid Energy Storage

Lithium-ion batteries and pseudocapacitors are nowadays popular electrochemical energy storage for many applications, but their cathodes and anodes are still limited to accommodate rich redox ions not only for high energy density but also sluggish ion diffusivity and poor electron conductivity, hindering fast recharge. Here, we report a strategy to realize high-capacity/high-rate cathode and anode as a solution to this challenge. Multiporous conductive hollow carbon (HC) nanospheres with microporous shells for high capacity and hollow cores/mesoporous shells for rapid ion transfer are synthesized as cathode materials using quinoid:benzenoid (Q:B) unit resins of coiled conformation, leading to ∼5-fold higher capacities than benzenoid:benzenoid resins of linear conformation. Also, Ge-embedded Q:B HC nanospheres are derived as anode materials. The atomic configuration and energy storage mechanism elucidate the existence of mononuclear GeOx units giving ∼7-fold higher ion diffusivity than bulk Ge while suppressing volume changes during long ion-insertion/desertion cycles. Moreover, hybrid energy storage with a Q:B HC cathode and Ge–Q:B HC anode exploit the advantages of capacitor-type cathode and battery-type anode electrodes, as exhibited by battery-compatible high energy density (up to 285 Wh kg–1) and capacitor-compatible ultrafast rechargeable power density (up to 22 600 W kg–1), affording recharge within a minute

Additional file 1 of Liposomes targeting the cancer cell-exposed receptor, claudin-4, for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Storage stability,measured as changes in the size and PDI of D@C-LPs at 4°C and 25°C. Figure S2. Cytotoxicity of Dox-loaded liposomes against various cancer cell lines. Figure S3. In vivo biodistribution of D@C-LP with pre-treatment of CLDN4 antibody. Figure S4. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of Dox-loaded liposomes in a KPC960 xenograft model. A Photographs of excised tumors after treatment. B Ex vivo fluorescence images. C Changes in body weight in treatment groups over the course of 15 days. D H&E staining of major organsafter 15 days. Figure S5. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of Dox-loaded liposomes in a KPC960 orthotopic model. A Average tumor weights of excised primary tumors. B Average tumor weights of excised metastatic tumors. C Changes in body weight in treatment groups over the course of 24 days. D H&E staining of major organsafter 24 days