Influence of peptide and amino acids on the formation of cheese flavour

U sirevima se tijekom zrenja odvijaju kompleksne mikrobiološke i biokemijske promjene koje imaju značajan utjecaj na formiranje organoleptičkih karakteristika gotovog proizvoda. Proteolitički enzimi razgrađuju kazein do većih i manjih peptida te slobodnih aminokiselina. Količina i omjeri pojedinih aminokiselina i topljivih peptida znatno utječu na teksturu i organoleptička svojstva sira. Razgradnjom aminokiselina u siru nastaju alkoholi, aldehidi, esteri, kiseline i sumporni spojevi koji formiraju specifične arome raznih vrsta sireva. U siru je identificirano više od 200 različitih hlapljivih komponenti. Okus sira je koncentriran u frakciji topljivoj u vodi (peptidi, aminokiseline, organske kiseline i amini), dok je aroma uglavnom koncentrirana u hlapljivoj frakciji (organske kiseline, aldehidi, amini, esteri). Mnogi sirevi sadrže iste ili slične komponente, ali u različitim koncentracijama i odnosima. Posebnosti arome sira ne zasnivaju se samo na jednom specifičnom spoju već na kombinaciji različitih spojeva nastalih tijekom zrenja. Djelovanjem na proteolitičke procese može se ubrzati i modificirati tehnološki proces proizvodnje sira, te ih se stoga intenzivno proučava.Complex microbiological and biochemical changes take place during cheese ripening process, having a significant impact on the formation of organoleptic characteristics of the final product. Proteolytic enzymes degraded casein to larger and smaller peptides and free amino acids. The quantity and the ratios of particular amino acids and soluble peptides significantly influence the texture and organoleptic properties of cheese. The products of amino acid degradation in cheese are alcohols, aldehydes, esters, acids and sulphur compounds, which form specific aromas of various cheese types. More than 200 different volatile components have been identified in cheese. Cheese flavour is concentrated in the watersoluble fraction (peptides, amino acids, organic acids and amines), while aroma is mainly concentrated in the volatile fraction (organic acids, aldehydes, amines, esters). Many cheeses contain the same or similar components, but in different concentrations and ratios. Specific characteristics of cheese aroma are not based only on one specific compound, but on combination of different compounds produced in the maturing process. The technological process of cheese production can be accelerated and modified by influencing proteolytic processes, which are therefore the subject of intense research

The CMS Drift Tube Trigger Track Finder

Muons are among the decay products of many new particles that may be discovered at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. At the first trigger level the identification of muons and the determination of their transverse momenta and location is performed by the Drift Tube Trigger Track Finder in the central region of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment, using track segments detected in the Drift Tube muon chambers. Track finding is performed both in pseudorapidity and azimuth. Track candidates are ranked and sorted, and the best four are delivered to the subsequent high level trigger stage. The concept, design, control and simulation software as well as the expected performance of the system are described. Prototyping, production and tests are also summarized

Search for a heavy gauge boson W ' in the final state with an electron and large missing transverse energy in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRFand WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).Khachatryan, V., Sirunyan, A.M., Tumasyan, A., Adam, W., Bergauer, T., Dragicevic, M., Erö, J., Fabjan, C., Friedl, M., Frühwirth, R., Ghete, V.M., Hammer, J., Hänsel, S., Hartl, C., Hoch, M., 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J., Hegeman, J., Hegner, B., Henderson, C., Hesketh, G., Hoffmann, H.F., Honma, A., Innocente, V., Janot, P., Karavakis, E., Lecoq, P., Leonidopoulos, C., Lourenço, C., Macpherson, A., Mäki, T., Malgeri, L., Mannelli, M., Masetti, L., Meijers, F., Mersi, S., Meschi, E., Moser, R., Mozer, M.U., Mulders, M., Nesvold, E., Nguyen, M., Orimoto, T., Orsini, L., Perez, E., Petrilli, A., Pfeiffer, A., Pierini, M., Pimiä, M., Polese, G., Racz, A., Rodrigues Antunes, J., Rolandi, G., Rommerskirchen, T., Rovelli, C., Rovere, M., Sakulin, H., Schäfer, C., Schwick, C., Segoni, I., Sharma, A., Siegrist, P., Simon, M., Sphicas, P., Spiga, D., Spiropulu, M., Stöckli, F., Stoye, M., Tropea, P., Tsirou, A., Tsyganov, A., Veres, G.I., Vichoudis, P., Voutilainen, M., Zeuner, W.D., Bertl, W., Deiters, K., Erdmann, W., Gabathuler, K., Horisberger, R., Ingram, Q., Kaestli, H.C., König, S., Kotlinski, D., Langenegger, U., Meier, F., Renker, D., Rohe, T., Sibille, J., Starodumov, A., Bortignon, P., Caminada, L., Chen, Z., Cittolin, S., Dissertori, G., Dittmar, M., Eugster, J., Freudenreich, K., Grab, C., Hervé, A., Hintz, W., Lecomte, P., Lustermann, W., Marchica, C., Martinez Ruiz del Arbol, P., Meridiani, P., Milenovic, P., Moortgat, F., Nef, P., Nessi-Tedaldi, F., Pape, L., Pauss, F., Punz, T., Rizzi, A., Ronga, F.J., Rossini, M., Sala, L., Sanchez, A.K., Sawley, M.-C., Stieger, B., Tauscher, L., Thea, A., Theofilatos, K., Treille, D., Urscheler, C., Wallny, R., Weber, M., Wehrli, L., Weng, J., Aguiló, E., Amsler, C., Chiochia, V., De Visscher, S., Favaro, C., Ivova Rikova, M., Millan Mejias, B., Regenfus, C., Robmann, P., Schmidt, A., Snoek, H., Chang, Y.H., Chen, K.H., Chen, W.T., Dutta, S., Go, A., Kuo, C.M., Li, S.W., Lin, W., Liu, M.H., Liu, Z.K., Lu, Y.J., Wu, J.H., Yu, S.S., Bartalini, P., Chang, P., Chang, Y.H., Chang, Y.W., Chao, Y., Chen, K.F., Hou, W.-S., Hsiung, Y., Kao, K.Y., Lei, Y.J., Lu, R.-S., Shiu, J.G., Tzeng, Y.M., Wang, M., Adiguzel, A., Bakirci, M.N., Cerci, S., 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Implementation of Novel Autochthonous Microencapsulated Strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, and Lamb’s Rennet in the Production of Traditional “Paški Sir” Cheese

This study aimed to implement a microencapsulated form of selected autochthonous lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the cheese-production chain and natural rennet obtained from suckling lambs in the traditional production of hard sheep cheese, “Paški sir”, from the island of Pag, Croatia. Two different formulations of microparticles were prepared: (i) microparticles containing the strain of both Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis (S2) and (ii) microparticles containing both strains and natural rennet (S3). These formulations were used in the production of Paški sir cheese simultaneously with standard production using non-encapsulated commercial starter cultures and commercial rennet (S1). The number of Lc. lactis isolates decreased at day 30 and were not isolated during the remaining ripening process, whereas the number of L. plantarum remained stable throughout the ripening process. The level of LAB and the release of the rennet from microsphere formulations at the end allowed for the production of cheese with the same characteristics as the commercial product, indicating no negative interactions of natural rennet, bacterial culture, and chemical components of microparticles. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a microencapsulated L. plantarum (isolated from the abomasum of lambs) coupled with natural lamb’s rennet used in the production of hard sheep cheese. This pilot study showed the great potential for maintaining authenticity in cheese production by combining traditional and sustainable innovative technologies

Measurements of the pp → ZZ production cross section and the Z → 4ℓ branching fraction, and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings at √s = 13 TeV

Four-lepton production in proton-proton collisions, pp -> (Z/gamma*)(Z/gamma*) -> 4l, where l = e or mu, is studied at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The ZZ production cross section, sigma(pp -> ZZ) = 17.2 +/- 0.5 (stat) +/- 0.7 (syst) +/- 0.4 (theo) +/- 0.4 (lumi) pb, measured using events with two opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pairs produced in the mass region 60 4l) = 4.83(-0.22)(+0.23) (stat)(-0.29)(+0.32) (syst) +/- 0.08 (theo) +/- 0.12(lumi) x 10(-6) for events with a four-lepton invariant mass in the range 80 4GeV for all opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pairs. The results agree with standard model predictions. The invariant mass distribution of the four-lepton system is used to set limits on anomalous ZZZ and ZZ. couplings at 95% confidence level: -0.0012 < f(4)(Z) < 0.0010, -0.0010 < f(5)(Z) < 0.0013, -0.0012 < f(4)(gamma) < 0.0013, -0.0012 < f(5)(gamma) < 0.0013

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe