Antibiotic resistance integrons in feces from captive rock wallabies.

<p>(<b>A</b>) A wild brush-tailed rock-wallaby meets an animal released from a captive breeding program (on right, with radio tracking collar). Photo Credit: Hugh McGregor (<b>B</b>) Schematic maps of integron cassette arrays recovered from 14 of 29 captive wallabies. Numbers of wallabies with each array combination are shown. Red diamonds – the primary integron recombination site, <i>attI1</i>; red circles – gene cassette recombination sites, <i>attC</i>; broad arrows – genes showing direction of transcription. Gene symbols are as follows: <i>aadA</i> genes encode aminoglycoside adenyltransferases that confer resistance to streptomycin & spectinomycin; <i>qac</i> confers resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, <i>dfr</i> genes encode dihydrofolate reductases that confer resistance to trimethoprim, <i>gcuF</i> unknown function (<i>5</i>).</p

Primers used to amplify 16S rDNA and integron components.

<p>Primers used to amplify 16S rDNA and integron components.</p

Class 1 integrons identified in captive rock wallabies from Waterfall Springs.

<p>Presence of the class 1 integron-integrase gene, <i>intI1</i>, as determined by PCR with primers HS464/HS463a (A) and the identity of integron gene cassettes as determined by sequence analysis of cassette arrays amplified with primers HS458/HS459 (B). Two distinct cassette arrays were detected in some wallaby samples (C).</p

Inferred phylogeny of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> 18S rDNA consensus sequences (709 nucleotides).

<p>The <i>Cryptosporidium</i> 18S rDNA reference sequences used for this phylogeny are as follows: <i>C</i>. <i>andersoni</i> (FJ463171), <i>C</i>. <i>baileyi</i> (L19068), <i>C</i>. <i>bovis</i> (AY741305), <i>C</i>. <i>canis</i> (AF112576), <i>C</i>. <i>cuniculus</i> (FJ262765), <i>C</i>. <i>fayeri</i> (AF108860), <i>C</i>. <i>felis</i> (AF108862), <i>C</i>. <i>fragile</i> (EU162751), <i>C</i>. <i>galli</i> (HM116388), <i>C</i>. <i>hominis</i> (AF093491), <i>C</i>. <i>macropodum</i> (AF513227), <i>C</i>. <i>meleagridis</i> (AF112574), <i>C</i>. <i>molnari</i> (HM243548), <i>C</i>. <i>muris</i> (AF093497), <i>C</i>. <i>parvum</i> (AF108864), <i>C</i>. <i>ryanae</i> (FJ463193), <i>C</i>. <i>serpentis</i> (AF151376), <i>C</i>. <i>suis</i> (AF108861), <i>C</i>. <i>ubiquitum</i> (AF442484), <i>C</i>. <i>varanii</i> (AF112573), <i>C</i>. <i>wrairi</i> (AF115378), <i>C</i>. <i>xiaoi</i> (FJ896053).</p

Inferred phylogeny of <i>Giardia gdh</i> sequences (199 nucleotides).

<p>The <i>Giardia gdh</i> reference sequences used for this phylogeny are as follows: <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> A1 (JN982015), <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> AII (L40510), <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> BIII (AF069059), <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> BIV (L40508), <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> C (U60983), <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> D (U60986), <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> E (DQ182601), <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> F AF069057, <i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> H (GU176101.1), <i>G</i>. <i>ardeae</i> (AF069060). The Quenda_QBY90 sequence was obtained via personal communication with Alison Hillman and Amanda Ash at Murdoch University.</p

Results and species identification for <i>Cryptosporidium</i> and <i>Giardia</i> in different populations of Tasmanian devils.

<p>For the released devils, the 13 pre-release samples each represent a different individual, while the nine post-release samples came from four individuals, three of which did not provide a pre-release sample.</p

Distribution of <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> assemblages A and B subtypes identified by <i>gdh</i> PCR amplification and terminal-RFLP for 32 samples (27 participants) collected from children living in a remote Indigenous community in the Northern Territory.

<p>*BIII and BIV subtypes represent two assemblage B <i>gdh</i> genotypes that were identified in this study, and were consistent with the previously described <i>gdh</i> BIII and BIV subassemblages <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112058#pone.0112058-Read1" target="_blank">[14]</a>.</p><p>Distribution of <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> assemblages A and B subtypes identified by <i>gdh</i> PCR amplification and terminal-RFLP for 32 samples (27 participants) collected from children living in a remote Indigenous community in the Northern Territory.</p