gpuSPHASE—A shared memory caching implementation for 2D SPH using CUDA

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a meshless Lagrangian method that has been successfully applied to computational fluid dynamics (CFD), solid mechanics and many other multi-physics problems. Using the method to solve transport phenomena in process engineering requires the simulation of several days to weeks of physical time. Based on the high computational demand of CFD such simulations in 3D need a computation time of years so that a reduction to a 2D domain is inevitable. In this paper gpuSPHASE, a new open-source 2D SPH solver implementation for graphics devices, is developed. It is optimized for simulations that must be executed with thousands of frames per second to be computed in reasonable time. A novel caching algorithm for Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) shared memory is proposed and implemented. The software is validated and the performance is evaluated for the well established dambreak test case

gpuSPHASE—A shared memory caching implementation for 2D SPH using CUDA (new version announcement)

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a meshless Lagrangian method that has been successfully applied to computational fluid dynamics (CFD), solid mechanics and many other multi-physics problems. gpuSPHASE is a graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated solver for 2D SPH simulations that is optimised for relatively small numbers of particles but long physical simulation times as required to solve transport phenomena in process engineering applications. The software aims at a low latency execution pipeline with thousands of iterations per second on contemporary GPU accelerator cards, while using symplectic time integration for long term stability of the simulations. For this, a novel caching algorithm for CUDA shared memory is proposed and implemented. gpuSPHASE is validated against SPHERIC test cases and the performance is evaluated and compared to state of the art implementations of the SPH method

Effect of Morphology on Ultrafast Free Carrier Generation in Polythiophene:Fullerene Organic Solar Cells

Despite significant study, the precise mechanisms that dictate the efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells, such as charge separation and recombination, are still debated. Here, we directly observe efficient ultrafast free charge generation in the absence of field in annealed poly(3-hexylthiophene):methanofullerene (P3HT:PCBM). However, we find this process is much less efficient in unannealed and amorphous regiorandom blends, explaining the superior short-circuit current and fill-factor of annealed RR-P3HT:PCBM solar cells. We use transient optical spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared spectral region covering, but not limited to, the previously unobserved and highly relevant time scale spanning 1 to 100 ns, to directly observe both geminate and nongeminate charge recombination. We find that exciton quenching leads directly (time scale less than 100 fs) to two populations: bound charges and free charges. The former do not lead to photocurrent in a photovoltaic cell; they recombine geminately within 2 ns and are a loss channel. However, the latter can be efficiently extracted in photovoltaic cells. Therefore, we find that the probability of ultrafast free charge formation after exciton quenching directly limits solar cell efficiency. This probability is low in disordered P3HT:PCBM blends but approaches unity in annealed blends

Figure S4 from Glycodelin: A New Biomarker with Immunomodulatory Functions in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Figure S4. Experiments performed in melanoma cell line MeWo.</p

Figure S3 from Glycodelin: A New Biomarker with Immunomodulatory Functions in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Figure S3. Additional information of ELISA experiments.</p

Parallel Pool Analysis of Transient Spectroscopy Reveals Origins of and Perspectives for ZnO Hybrid Solar Cell Performance Enhancement Using Semiconducting Surfactants

Recently, the performance of ZnO nanocrystals as an electron acceptor in a solar cell device was significantly increased by a semiconducting surfactant. Here we show, using transient absorption spectroscopy and a parallel pool analysis, that changes in the quantum efficiency of charge generation account for the performance variation among semiconducting-surfactant-coated, surfactant-coated, and uncoated ZnO nanoparticles. We demonstrate that even better surfactant design to suppress fast recombination could still lead to a further doubling of device efficiency

Supplemental Material and Methods from Glycodelin: A New Biomarker with Immunomodulatory Functions in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Supplemental Material and Methods. More detailed Material and Methods.</p

Figure S5 from Glycodelin: A New Biomarker with Immunomodulatory Functions in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Figure S5. Different controls of experiments.</p

Sanger sequencing results from patient 4.

<p>Confirmation of the presence of the <i>MTOR</i> mutation c.4228C>A (p.P1410T) at a lower allele frequency in cfDNA and its absence in the corresponding primary tumor tissue.</p

Integrity of cfDNA and a corresponding sequencing library.

<p>(A) Integrity and size distribution of cfDNA fragments from patient 1 showing a nucleosomal laddering of cfDNA with fragment sizes of 166, 360, and 515 bp; (B) Corresponding sequencing library from patient 1, prepared from 10ng cfDNA.</p