Panta Rhei benchmark dataset: socio-hydrological data of paired events of floods and droughts

As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. Here we present a benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e., two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas and cover a wide range of socio-economic and hydro-climatic conditions. The dataset is unique in covering both floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed, and in the quantity of socio-hydrological data. The benchmark dataset comprises: 1) detailed review style reports about the events and key processes between the two events of a pair; 2) the key data table containing variables that assess the indicators which characterise management shortcomings, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts of all events; 3) a table of the indicators-of-change that indicate the differences between the first and second event of a pair. The advantages of the dataset are that it enables comparative analyses across all the paired events based on the indicators-of-change and allows for detailed context- and location-specific assessments based on the extensive data and reports of the individual study areas. The dataset can be used by the scientific community for exploratory data analyses e.g. focused on causal links between risk management, changes in hazard, exposure and vulnerability and flood or drought impacts. The data can also be used for the development, calibration and validation of socio-hydrological models. The dataset is available to the public through the GFZ Data Services (Kreibich et al. 2023, link for review: https://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de/panmetaworks/review/923c14519deb04f83815ce108b48dd2581d57b90ce069bec9c948361028b8c85/).</p

Regards sur le vitrail

International audienceLe vitrail, chef d’œuvre de lumière ou simple élément d'architecture, est indissociable de l'histoire de l'art religieux et civil. Cet ouvrage donne les clés de son évolution technique du XIIe siècle à nos jours et fait le point sur les avancées actuelles en matière de conservation restauration.Les conservateurs des antiquités et objets d'art, au travers de plusieurs inventaires départementaux, analysent l'iconographie et la production du vitrail du XIXe siècle, témoin du renouveau de l'art religieux de cette époque.La création contemporaine du vitrail, un des grands chantiers de nos cathédrales, églises et chapelles, est appréhendée du point de vue de ses différents acteurs : autorités ecclésiastiques, maîtres verriers, artistes, conservateurs et élus. Pour la première fois, la création du vitrail est étudiée dans ses sources créatives, sa complexité technique et artistique et dans son cadre institutionnel

APPAREIL: A Tool for Building Automated Program Translators Using Annotated Grammars

Operations languages are used to write spacecraft operations procedures. The APPAREIL tool automates the process of generating program translators between operations languages,from a specification of their language grammar annotated with extra information. From these annotated grammars the tool automatically produces a partial translator that covers most of the translation. This translator needs to be augmented manually with specific transformations, to deal with the more complicated cases. To get more confidence on the correctness of the translation, the tool offers a control-flow equivalence verification module

Issues and problems in test & operations language translation

Satellite operators perform their satellite operations through the use of operations languages, which encapsulate their experience (often referred to as operations knowledge). These languages are dependent on the underlying control system, and in many cases there are multiple variants of any given language for a particular mission or satellite type. Many operators are interested in decoupling this operations knowledge from a particular control system and its corresponding language. There are various reasons for this. Either they wish to migrate from a given control system supporting a given language, to another control system supporting another language. Or a satellite manufacturer may deliver operational (or test) procedures in a language that is supported by the manufacturing test system or EGSE, but which does not support the operator's control system. In either of these cases, a translation of the procedures to another language is required. For these reasons, the problem of translating procedures to either transfer operations knowledge or to migrate to different systems is a relevant and important problem in space industry. Rhea has been studying this problem for a number of years and has developed specific solutions for specific languages. However, the ability to automatically translate between or analyse programs written in different operations languages is the end goal for such a problem. Unfortunately,building such advanced generic program analysis and translation tools, is a non-trivial task for various reasons. This paper highlights some of the issues, problems and pitfalls we have encountered with building such tools and their underlying techniques, and is based on the experience gained in a research project with our academic partner UCL. Many of the difficulties encountered stem from the fact that there exist a large amount of different operations languages, each with their own syntax, style and language constructs. In addition, some of the languages are ill defined, poorly documented, or still under evolution. To illustrate some of these issues we explain the APPAREIL meta-tool we developed for automatically generating program translators and analysers for operations language

Automated Derivation of Translators From Annotated Grammars

In this paper we propose a technique to automate the process of building translators between operations languages, a family of DSLs used to program satellite operations procedures. We exploit the similarities between those languages to semiautomatically build a transformation schema between them, through the use of annotated grammars. To improve the overall translation process even more, reducing its complexity, we also propose an intermediate representation common to all operations languages. We validate our approach by semi-automatically deriving translators between some operations languages, using a prototype tool which we implemented for that purpose

APPAREIL: a tool for building automated program translators using annotated grammars

Operations languages are used to write spacecraft operations procedures. The APPAREIL tool automates the process of generating program translators between operations languages, from a specification of their language grammar annotated with extra information. From these annotated grammars the tool automatically produces a partial translator that covers most of the translation. This translator needs to be augmented manually with specific transformations, to deal with the more complicated cases. To get more confidence on the correctness of the translation, the tool offers a control-flow equivalence verification module.Anglai

Using Annotated Grammars for the Automated Generation of Program Transformers

When confronted with a family of different domain-specific programming languages, each with their own particular syntax but providing essentially the same semantic constructs,often the need arises to transform programs between any of these languages. This is for example the case for the domain of satellite operation languages, where every vendor or mission control centre uses its own proprietary language. In previous work, we proposed a generic technique to automatically generate program transformers between given source and target languages. Our transformer generator tool takes as input a specification of the grammar of both source and target language, tagged with specific annotations that specify the corresponding language constructs in both languages. In this paper we further validate that approach by generating program transformers between two industrial satellite operations languages. We observe that the approach falls short for more complex mappings, where a single construct in one language does not correspond directly to a single construct in the other language. To address that problem,we propose using a dedicated pre- and post-processing library and language, in which a language engineer can define how to handle such more complex mappings