The Manpower Aspect in the Field of Sport

As a result of enhanced professionalism and commercialization in the field of sports, it has become an industry of its own. Professionalism and industrialization are correlated; therefore sports actors' performance achieved as a result of their professionalism lead to the commercialization, and even to the industrialization of certain (branches of) sports. On the other hand, it is considered that industrialization which involves the commercial aspect is able to maintain, and even enhance sports actors' professionalism/performance. In practice, such correlation is not always directly proportional, but inversely proportional. There have been cases of issues related to sports actors' welfare not being properly fulfilled, in fact, being far below the general manpower standards applicable to people doing work (workers/laborers). In general such cases include late or non-payment of wages, reducing bonuses, implementation of contract not accordance with the initial agreement, unilateral termination of contract without compensation for damages and others. The frequently arising question is whether sports actors, particularly athletes, have the status of ‘nonemployee' professionals, or the status of ‘employees'. The various existing opinions related to such issue of status raise certain legal implications, particularly from the manpower aspect which emphasizes the welfare and legal protection of ‘workers', which are also often experienced by athletes. It is expected that this article will be able to provide to the readers a broader view regarding the status of athletes' ‘manpower' status

KAJIAN HUKUM PENGATURAN PEMBERHENTIAN PRESIDEN/WAKIL PRESIDEN DALAM MASA JABATAN BERDASARKAN UUD 1945

Amandemen ke-2 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 telah memberikan pembaharuan dalam sistem hukum ketatanegaraan Indonesia dengan memberikan kewenangan kepada Mahkamah Konstitusi sesuai Pasal 24 UUD 1945 untuk memberhentikan presiden dan wakil presiden yang melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum. Hal ini merupakan era baru dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia yang sebelumnya tidak diatur. Yang menjadi permasalahan yaitu bagaimana kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi dilaksanakan dan bagaimana prosedur pemberhentian presiden dan wakil presiden. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, penelitian dilakukan dan menemukan hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Mahkamah Konstitusi telah diberikan kewenangan memberhentikan presiden dan wakil presiden yang melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum dan melawan konstitusi. Adapun prosedur pemberhentian presiden yaitu tahap pertama usul pemberhentian presiden dan/atau wakil presiden dapat diajukan oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat kepada Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat. Tahap kedua pembahasan oleh DPR. Tahap ketiga pengajuan permintaan DPR kepada Mahkamah Konstitusi. Tahap keempat Mahkamah Konstitusi memutuskan bahwa presiden dan/atau wakil presiden terbukti melakukan pelanggaran hukum. Kata kunci : Mahkamah Konstitusi, Pemberhentian Preside

NEW RECORDS OF RARE AND THREATENED LARGER FUNGI FROM MIDDLE DANUBE PLAIN, BULGARIA

New data about the distribution of eleven rare larger fungi for Bulgaria from the Middle Danube Plain (Pleven District) are presented in the paper. Nine species are of a high conservation value, included in the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria. Three of them are enlisted also in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Seven taxa are new records from Middle Danube Plain

Effect of the rs2821557 Polymorphism of the Human Kv1.3 Gene on Olfactory Function and BMI in Different Age Groups

The sense of smell plays an important role in influencing the eating habits of individuals and consequently, their body weight, and its impairment has been associated with modified eating behaviors and malnutrition problems. The inter-individual variability of olfactory function depends on several factors, including genetic and physiological ones. In this study, we evaluated the role of the Kv1.3 channel genotype and age, as well as their mutual relationships, on the olfactory function and BMI of individuals divided into young, adult and elderly groups. We assessed olfactory performance in 112 healthy individuals (young n = 39, adult n = 36, elderly n = 37) based on their TDI olfactory score obtained through the Sniffin' Sticks test and their BMI. Participants were genotyped for the rs2821557 polymorphism of the human gene encoding Kv1.3 channels, the minor C allele of which was associated with a decreased sense of smell and higher BMIs compared to the major T allele. The results show that TT homozygous subjects obtained higher TDI olfactory scores and showed lower BMIs than CC homozygous subjects, in all age groups considered. Furthermore, the positive effect of the T allele on olfactory function and BMI decreased with increasing age. The contribution of the genetic factor is less evident with advancing age, while the importance of the age factor is compensated for by genetics. These results show that genetic and physiological factors such as age act to balance each other

Role of hormones in the regulation of RACK1 expression as a signaling checkpoint in immunosenescence

Immunosenescence defines the decline in immune function that occurs with aging. This has been associated, at least in part, with defective cellular signaling via protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathways. Our data suggest reduced PKC activation and consequently reduced response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and cytokine release. The lack of PKC activation seems to be dependent on the reduced expression of the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), a scaffolding protein involved in multiple signal transduction cascades. The defective expression of RACK1 may be dependent on age-related alteration of the balance between the adrenal hormones cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). DHEA levels reduce with aging, while cortisol levels remain substantially unchanged, resulting in an overall increase in the cortisol:DHEA ratio. These hormonal changes are significant in the context of RACK1 expression and signaling function because DHEA administration in vivo and in vitro can restore the levels of RACK1 and the function of the PKC signaling cascade in aged animals and in human cells. In contrast, there is evidence that cortisol can act as a negative transcriptional regulator of RACK1 expression. The rack1 gene promoter contains a glucocorticoid responsive element that is also involved in androgen signaling. Furthermore DHEA may have an indirect influence on the post-transcriptional regulation of the functions of the glucocorticoid receptor. In this review, we will examine the role of the hormonal regulation of rack1 gene transcriptional regulation and the consequences on signaling and function in immune cells and immunosenescence

Disentangling the Drivers of Obesity : An Analytical Framework Based on Socioeconomic and Intrapersonal Factors

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021. 585318/full#supplementary-materialPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Retos educativos para el siglo XXI. Autonomía, responsabilidad, neurociencia y aprendizaje [Reseña]

Buxarrais, M. R. y Martínez, M. (Eds.) (2015). "Retos educativos para el siglo XXI. Autonomía, responsabilidad, neurociencia y aprendizaje". Barcelona: Octaedro, 179 pp.