Credit Unions--Regulatory Control Development--Problems--Recommendations

An awareness of the credit union, its economic and social impact,has a special significance to the lawyer. Although such significance appears minimized by a dearth of litigation addressed to credit unions in the past, this is not a true reflection of fact; nor would a true history of credit union litigation be a guide to the future. The lack of identifiable credit union litigation is chiefly due to the lack of appreciation by the bench for the distinguishing features of savings and loan associations, commercial banks, and credit unions. Two prospective developments should cause increased attorney contact with credit unions. First, the necessity for statutory revision and enactment as re-analysis of the credit union system suggests the need for more effective regulatory control. Second, the growing number of credit unions and members will engage more of the bar in assisting with the organization of a credit union, and in providing counsel to those in existence...The failure to adapt to a changing system has prompted this analysis of the role of the credit union in our economy. This analysis will trace the origin and evolution of the credit union, will present existing problems relating to (1) the adequacy of regulatory control, (2) the prospect and justification of a federal central credit system comparable to the central bank system, (3) the advisability of share insurance for protection of members, and (4) the justification for continued tax exemption, and will make some conclusionary recommendations

Early-Stage Construct Development Practices in IS Research: A 2000-2020 Review

New constructs are routinely introduced and validated along with their measures to capture emerging IS phenomena. Although statistical validation procedures abound in the literature, there remains confusion on how to best engage with the first few steps of the construct development process. Consequently, authors may have difficulties navigating these crucial steps, and reviewers may be unsure what standards they should enforce. This short paper seeks to clarify the standards that are espoused and enacted by the IS community as part of its construct development activities. We selected 96 construct development focused papers published in IS journals between 2000 and 2020, and we systematically coded how their authors engaged with the conceptualization, item generation, and content validation steps. Our preliminary findings indicate that despite some apparent homogeneity, construct development papers employ widely divergent practices, some of which may not be adequate to address the most pressing methodological challenges of our time

An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Honduras

A biodiversity inventory of the Lepidoptera of Pico Bonito National Park and vicinity, in the Department of Atlantida of northern Honduras, was initiated in 2009 to obtain baseline data. We present a revised checklist of Honduran butterfly species (updated from the initial 1967 lists), as well as the first comprehensive list of Honduran moths. Our updated list includes 550 species of Papilionoidea, 311 Hesperioidea, and 1,441 moth species

An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Honduras

A biodiversity inventory of the Lepidoptera of Pico Bonito National Park and vicinity, in the Department of Atlantida of northern Honduras, was initiated in 2009 to obtain baseline data. We present a revised checklist of Honduran butterfly species (updated from the initial 1967 lists), as well as the first comprehensive list of Honduran moths. Our updated list includes 550 species of Papilionoidea, 311 Hesperioidea, and 1,441 moth species

The Neon Nova. III. The Infrared Light Curves of Nova QU Vulpeculae (Nova Vul 1984 #2)

We report 1.25 to 19.5 µm broadband infrared (IR) photometric measurements acquired during an eight year period on the prototypical ONeMg “neon nova” QU Vulpeculae (Nova Vul 1984 #2). The energy distribution of the ejecta evolved through several phases. An early free-free emission phase was followed by an IR coronal phase characterized by the appearance of strong emission lines from forbidden atomic transitions. The lines of [Ne Vi] at 7.6 /xm, and [Ne il] at 12.8 µm were especially strong during the coronal phase. A small amount of silicate dust condensed in the ejecta after about a year. The evidence provided by our IR observations for high abundances of metals in the ejecta of QU Vul is reviewed. We present the IR light curves of QU Vul, and show that the temporal development of its persistent IR coronal emission phase was evident in the broadband K (2.3 µm) and L (3.6 µm) photometry. Using data from our previous studies of classical novae, we suggest that K and L photometry can distinguish between the slower ONeMg novae with persistent IR coronal activity and CO novae that produce copious quantities of circumstellar dust. The most striking signature is produced in the L band, which contains emission from [Mg Vlll] at 3.02 µm, [A1 Vi] at 3.66 µm, and [Si ix] at 3.92 µm. We comment on the peculiar tendency of the IR light curves of novae to decay exponentially

Consequence of superfluidity on the expansion of a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate

We study the time evolution of a rotating condensate, that expands after being suddenly released from the confining trap, by solving the hydrodynamic equations of irrotational superfluids. For slow initial rotation speeds, $\Omega_{0}$, we find that the condensate's angular velocity increases rapidly to a maximum value and this is accompanied by a minimum in the deformation of the condensate in the rotating plane. During the expansion the sample makes a global rotation of approximately $\pi/2$, where the exact value depends on $\Omega_{0}$. This minimum deformation can serve as an easily detectable signature of superfluidity in a Bose--Einstein condensate.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to PR

Stationary solutions of the one-dimensional nonlinear Schroedinger equation: II. Case of attractive nonlinearity

All stationary solutions to the one-dimensional nonlinear Schroedinger equation under box or periodic boundary conditions are presented in analytic form for the case of attractive nonlinearity. A companion paper has treated the repulsive case. Our solutions take the form of bounded, quantized, stationary trains of bright solitons. Among them are two uniquely nonlinear classes of nodeless solutions, whose properties and physical meaning are discussed in detail. The full set of symmetry-breaking stationary states are described by the $C_{n}$ character tables from the theory of point groups. We make experimental predictions for the Bose-Einstein condensate and show that, though these are the analog of some of the simplest problems in linear quantum mechanics, nonlinearity introduces new and surprising phenomena.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures -- revised versio

The early Neolithic of Iraqi Kurdistan: current research at Bestansur, Shahrizor Plain

Human communities made the transition from hunter-foraging to more sedentary agriculture and herding at multiple locations across Southwest Asia through the Early Neolithic period (ca. 10,000-7000 cal. BC). Societies explored strategies involving increasing management and development of plants, animals, materials, technologies, and ideologies specific to each region whilst sharing some common attributes. Current research in the Eastern Fertile Crescent is contributing new insights into the Early Neolithic transition and the critical role that this region played. The Central Zagros Archaeological Project (CZAP) is investigating this transition in Iraqi Kurdistan, including at the earliest Neolithic settlement so far excavated in the region. In this article, we focus on results from ongoing excavations at the Early Neolithic site of Bestansur on the Shahrizor Plain, Sulaimaniyah province, in order to address key themes in the Neolithic transition

Humans and fire: changing relations in early agricultural and built environments in the Zagros, Iran, Iraq

Fire-centred studies have recently been highlighted as powerful avenues for investigation of energy flows and relations between humans, materials, environments and other species. The aim in this paper is to evaluate this potential first by reviewing the diverse theories and methods that can be applied to investigate the ecological and social significance of anthropogenic fire, and second by applying these to new and existing data sets in archaeology. This paper examines how fire-centred approaches can inform on one of the most significant step-changes in human lifeways and inter-relations with environment and other species – the transition from mobile hunting-gathering to more sedentary agriculture in a key heartland of change, the Zagros region of Iraq and Iran, c. 12,000–8,000 BP. In the review and case studies multiple links are investigated between human fire use and environment, ecology, energy use, technology, the built environment, health, social roles and relations, cultural practices and catastrophic event

Stationary solutions of the one-dimensional nonlinear Schroedinger equation: I. Case of repulsive nonlinearity

All stationary solutions to the one-dimensional nonlinear Schroedinger equation under box and periodic boundary conditions are presented in analytic form. We consider the case of repulsive nonlinearity; in a companion paper we treat the attractive case. Our solutions take the form of stationary trains of dark or grey density-notch solitons. Real stationary states are in one-to-one correspondence with those of the linear Schr\"odinger equation. Complex stationary states are uniquely nonlinear, nodeless, and symmetry-breaking. Our solutions apply to many physical contexts, including the Bose-Einstein condensate and optical pulses in fibers.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures -- revised versio