Data_Sheet_1_The HIV-1 Subtype B Epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname Is Driven by Ongoing Transmissions of Pandemic and Non-pandemic Lineages.PDF

<p>The HIV-1 subtype B epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname is characterized by the co-circulation of the globally disseminated “B_PANDEMIC” lineage and of non-pandemic subtype B lineages of Caribbean origin (B_CAR). To reconstruct the spatiotemporal pattern of spread of those viral lineages circulating in these two countries, a total of 361 HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences recovered from treatment-naive adult patients from French Guiana and Suriname between 2006 and 2012 were combined with B_PANDEMIC and B_CAR reference sequences. Major Guianese/Surinamese B_PANDEMIC and B_CAR lineages were identified by Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis and the spatiotemporal and demographic parameters estimated using a Bayesian coalescent-based method. We detected four B_CAR and three B_PANDEMIC transmission chains of large size that together comprise most pandemic and non-pandemic subtype B sequences from French Guiana (≥52%) and Suriname (≥70%) here analyzed. These major lineages were probably introduced into French Guiana and Suriname from the Caribbean (B_CAR) and North/South America (B_PANDEMIC) between the middle 1970s and the late 1980s and spread among populations from both countries with roughly comparable demographic growth rates. We detected a significant trend for higher viral loads and higher proportion of homosexual/bisexual men among subjects infected with B_PANDEMIC relative to B_CAR strains in French Guiana. These results show that the HIV subtype B epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname has been driven by multiple active B_CAR and B_PANDEMIC transmission chains that arose since the middle 1970s onward and operate in both countries simultaneously. Although no significant differences in the epidemic potential of major B_CAR and B_PANDEMIC lineages were observed, relevant associations between the infecting subtype B lineage and epidemiological and clinical characteristics were detected in French Guiana.</p

Univariate and multivariate linear regressions predicting Log of children deaths per 1000 live births in 178 countries, 2008 (£).

<p>£: Analysis of deaths in children from a multivariate linear regression model. Only variables with a p.value<0·1 in univariate regression were incorporated in the final multivariate analysis. Backward stepwise procedure with a stop criterion fixed at 0·1 was then applied to determinate the final multivariate model.</p

World repartition of children deaths and perceived corruption.

<p>A) Deaths of children younger than 5 years per 1000 live births in 2008. Derivated from data compiled by Black and colleagues <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026990#pone.0026990-Black2" target="_blank">[11]</a>. B) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) in 2008. Derivated from data compiled by Transparency International <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026990#pone.0026990-Santosham1" target="_blank">[10]</a>.</p

Table_3_The HIV-1 Subtype B Epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname Is Driven by Ongoing Transmissions of Pandemic and Non-pandemic Lineages.DOCX

<p>The HIV-1 subtype B epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname is characterized by the co-circulation of the globally disseminated “B_PANDEMIC” lineage and of non-pandemic subtype B lineages of Caribbean origin (B_CAR). To reconstruct the spatiotemporal pattern of spread of those viral lineages circulating in these two countries, a total of 361 HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences recovered from treatment-naive adult patients from French Guiana and Suriname between 2006 and 2012 were combined with B_PANDEMIC and B_CAR reference sequences. Major Guianese/Surinamese B_PANDEMIC and B_CAR lineages were identified by Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis and the spatiotemporal and demographic parameters estimated using a Bayesian coalescent-based method. We detected four B_CAR and three B_PANDEMIC transmission chains of large size that together comprise most pandemic and non-pandemic subtype B sequences from French Guiana (≥52%) and Suriname (≥70%) here analyzed. These major lineages were probably introduced into French Guiana and Suriname from the Caribbean (B_CAR) and North/South America (B_PANDEMIC) between the middle 1970s and the late 1980s and spread among populations from both countries with roughly comparable demographic growth rates. We detected a significant trend for higher viral loads and higher proportion of homosexual/bisexual men among subjects infected with B_PANDEMIC relative to B_CAR strains in French Guiana. These results show that the HIV subtype B epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname has been driven by multiple active B_CAR and B_PANDEMIC transmission chains that arose since the middle 1970s onward and operate in both countries simultaneously. Although no significant differences in the epidemic potential of major B_CAR and B_PANDEMIC lineages were observed, relevant associations between the infecting subtype B lineage and epidemiological and clinical characteristics were detected in French Guiana.</p

Estimates of proportion of HIV infections acquired within French Guiana for different scenarios based on initial CD4 estimates and the resulting 95 confidence intervals.

<p>Estimates of proportion of HIV infections acquired within French Guiana for different scenarios based on initial CD4 estimates and the resulting 95 confidence intervals.</p

Predictors of HIV acquisition in French Guiana.

<p>Predictors of HIV acquisition in French Guiana.</p

Table_2_The HIV-1 Subtype B Epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname Is Driven by Ongoing Transmissions of Pandemic and Non-pandemic Lineages.DOCX

<p>The HIV-1 subtype B epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname is characterized by the co-circulation of the globally disseminated “B_PANDEMIC” lineage and of non-pandemic subtype B lineages of Caribbean origin (B_CAR). To reconstruct the spatiotemporal pattern of spread of those viral lineages circulating in these two countries, a total of 361 HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences recovered from treatment-naive adult patients from French Guiana and Suriname between 2006 and 2012 were combined with B_PANDEMIC and B_CAR reference sequences. Major Guianese/Surinamese B_PANDEMIC and B_CAR lineages were identified by Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis and the spatiotemporal and demographic parameters estimated using a Bayesian coalescent-based method. We detected four B_CAR and three B_PANDEMIC transmission chains of large size that together comprise most pandemic and non-pandemic subtype B sequences from French Guiana (≥52%) and Suriname (≥70%) here analyzed. These major lineages were probably introduced into French Guiana and Suriname from the Caribbean (B_CAR) and North/South America (B_PANDEMIC) between the middle 1970s and the late 1980s and spread among populations from both countries with roughly comparable demographic growth rates. We detected a significant trend for higher viral loads and higher proportion of homosexual/bisexual men among subjects infected with B_PANDEMIC relative to B_CAR strains in French Guiana. These results show that the HIV subtype B epidemic in French Guiana and Suriname has been driven by multiple active B_CAR and B_PANDEMIC transmission chains that arose since the middle 1970s onward and operate in both countries simultaneously. Although no significant differences in the epidemic potential of major B_CAR and B_PANDEMIC lineages were observed, relevant associations between the infecting subtype B lineage and epidemiological and clinical characteristics were detected in French Guiana.</p

Available variables that can potentially explain inter-country variation in the rate of deaths in children in 178 countries, 2008.

<p>Available variables that can potentially explain inter-country variation in the rate of deaths in children in 178 countries, 2008.</p

Pearson's correlations between the mortality rate in children and the other variables used in the analysis.

<p>Representation obtained with a Focused Principal Components Analysis. Pearson's correlations between the mortality rate in children and the other variables are represented faithfully. Positive correlations with child mortality are plotted on the left and negative ones on the right. Correlations which are significantly different to zero are inside the pink circle. The relationships between the other variables are interpreted like in a PCA: correlated variables are close or diametrically opposite (for negative correlations), independent variables make a right angle with the origin. Colours indicate the nature of explicative variables (red: political and societal factors, blue: socio economic factors, orange: health and medical factors and green: environmental factors).</p

Proportion of HIV acquisition in French Guiana for Haitian nationals by time period.

<p>Proportion of HIV acquisition in French Guiana for Haitian nationals by time period.</p