Circolazioni transnazionali di letture morali nell'Europa del secolo lungo : una storia di transferts culturali

Dal XIX secolo, nel continente europeo, assistiamo a una strumentalizzazione delle letture moralizzatrici per l'infanzia declinate in un considerevole numero di versioni e traduzioni. Lontane dall'essere circoscritte nei limiti entro i quali generazioni di storici le hanno racchiuse, lo studio di queste letture scolastiche dovrebbe invece essere orientato alla loro straordinaria mobilità. In quest'ottica è interessante notare che, nella maggior parte dei casi, questi scritti sono dei vettori o delle libere reinterpretazioni di una morale biblico-pedagogica elaborata alla fine del XIX secolo all'interno dello spazio germanico principalmente da Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johannes Tobler, Heinrich Zschokke o, ancora, Joahnn David Wyss. Partendo dallo studio di due capisaldi della letteratura per l'infanzia del XIX secolo, il Goldmacher-Dorf di Heinrich Zschokke (1771-1848) e il Robinson svizzero di Johann David Wyss (1743-1818), in questo contributo ci siamo interrogati sulle cause oggettive e soggiacenti all'importante ripresa di questi scritti nelle diverse regioni linguistiche della Svizzera, ma anche al di fuori delle fron- tiere nazionali. Partendo inoltre dall'ipotesi per cui ogni stampato subisce una trasformazione nel passaggio da un contesto culturale o politico all'altro, utilizzando lo strumento concettuale dei transfert culturali, si è cercato di chiarire i fenomeni di re-semantizzazione caratteristici di questi due best-seller. From the nineteenth century in the European continent, we assist to an exploitation of the mor- alizing reading for children developed, from this moment, in a considerable number of versions and translations. Far from being limited in the extent in which generations of historians have enclosed them, the study of these school's readings should be instead oriented towards their extraordinary mobility. It's interesting to note that in most cases, these writings are carriers or free reinterpretations of a biblical-pedagogical moral developed within the German space at the end of the nineteenth century, of which Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johannes Tobler, Heinrich Zschokke or even Joahnn David Wyss are grounded representatives. Starting from the study of two cornerstones of children's litera- ture of the nineteenth century, the Goldmacher-Dorf of Heinrich Zschokke (1771-1848) and the Swiss Robinson of Johann David Wyss (1743-1818), in this paper we question the objective and underlying causes related to the important recovery of these writings in the different cultural parts of the Switzerland and, at the same time, across the national borders. Departing, besides, from the assumption that every printed book undergoes a transformation from one cultural or political context to another, using the conceptual instrument of cultural transferts, we will try to clarify the characteristic re-semantization phenomena of these two best sellers. Parole chiave: Transfert culturali, Letture morali, XIX-XX secolo, Adattamenti e traduzioni, Identità. Keywords: Cultural transfers, Moral readings, 19th-20th century, Adaptation and translations, Identity

Post-anthesis accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in durum wheat as affected by soil type

The objective of the research was to quantify the changes in the accumulation of dry matter and N and P content of four durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties grown on two soil types (sandy-loam and clay-loam), differing for texture, nitrogen content and water holding capacity. Plants were grown in containers and were rainfed until anthesis; irrigation was performed during grain filling to avoid water stress. The difference in total vegetative weight and nitrogen and phosphorus content of plants between anthesis and maturity was used to indirectly estimate the relative contribution of pre-anthesis assimilation and remobilization to grain yield. The behaviour of the four varieties was similar as they ranked in the same order for pre-anthesis and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and grain yield and differences in soil characteristics induced similar changes in dry matter, N and P accumulation and remobilization. Soil type greatly affected the patterns of dry matter, N and P accumulation and remobilization. Plants grown on clay-loam soil had higher dry weight and N and P content both at anthesis and at maturity and higher grain yield at maturity, compared to plants grown on sandy-loam soil and the remobilization of dry matter, N and P were 75, 140 and 55% higher. Most of the grain carbohydrates originated from photosynthates produced during grain fill, as the contribution of remobilization of dry matter to grain yield did not reach 30%, while most of the grain N and P originated from the remobilization of N and P accumulated prior to anthesis as remobilization of N accounted for 73–82% of grain N content and remobilization of P accounted for 56–63% of grain P content

Above- and below-ground competition between barley, wheat, lupin and vetch in a cereal and legume intercropping system

The effects of intercropping on dry weight (DW) of herbage and nitrogen (N) nutrition of plants of two winter cereals, barley and wheat, and two legumes, white lupin and common vetch, were investigated, and above- and below-ground competition were separated in a fully factorial additive design. Intercropping increased DW compared with the sole species and the increase was higher for the cereals and lupin than for cereals and vetch intercropping systems. Above-ground competition for light reduced DW of cereals and lupin while it did not influence the DW of vetch. Processes involved in below-ground competition increased shoot growth of cereals and reduced shoot growth of legumes. N nutrition of cereals was enhanced by below-ground competition with legumes and N nutrition of vetch was enhanced by above-ground competition with cereals. Cereals had a higher competitive ability than legumes as a result of their below-ground competitive ability. The interaction between above- and below-competition is not predictable: negative, positive and no interaction (additivity) between different types of competition were found. In low-input intercropping systems, when a N-fixing species is present, the mixture of the roots of components is important for the utilization of the soil resources and, when a climbing species is also present, the mixture of shoots can result in an increased utilization of light

Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and remobilization of durum wheat as affected by soil gravel content

Soil gravel content affects many soil physical properties, as well as crop yield. Little is known regarding the influence of soil gravel content on growth and nutrient uptake of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorous during the vegetative and reproductive periods and the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grain N and P con- tent have been evaluated in two durum wheat varieties grown on soils with 0, 10, 20 and 30% gravel content. The two varieties showed similar behaviour and the increase of soil gravel de- creased plant biomass during the entire biological cycle. Nitrogen and P concentration of all plant parts was not affected by soil gravel content, while N and P content was greatly reduced, owing to the effect on dry matter yield. Post-anthesis accumulation and remobilization of N and P were greatly reduced: the decrease from gravel-free soil to 30% gravel content was about 41 kg N ha–1 and 4 kg P ha–1 for the former and 14 kg N ha–1 and 2 kg P ha–1 for the latter. The differences in growth rate were attributed to differences in development of the root system due to the restricted soil volume