公共空間における移動サービスの実現に向けた知能化移動プラットフォームの開発

本研究は，自律移動パーソナルヴィークルによる多様な移動サービス研究を行うための移動プラットフォーム開発に関するものである．現在，多くの研究機関で自律移動システムの研究が行われているが，それが送迎サービス等の実用的な移動サービスアプリケーションの研究開発まで至った例は多くない．これは，それらの研究で利用されている市販の移動プラットフォームや研究用プラットフォームでは，移動サービスアプリケーションの研究開発が容易でないことが要因の一つとなっている．また個々のパーソナルヴィークルのロボット化技術やナビゲーション機能の研究成果が共有できていない面が有り，移動サービス研究に耐えうる移動プラットフォームが構築できていないことも一つの要因であると考えられる．本研究では，上記の問題を解決するため，様々な移動サービスアプリケーション開発が行え，様々な移動サービスに関する研究成果を利用することが可能な仕組みを持ち，さらに基本的なナビゲーション機能を備える「知能化移動プラットフォーム」のシステム構成を文献調査や事例研究により明らかにした．またそれに基づき実際に知能化移動プラットフォームを構築し，その有用性を実証するとともにその構築方法についても明示した．第二章では，知能化移動プラットフォームに求められるシステム要件を設定し，関連研究・文献調査(829件)・「つくばチャレンジ」などの実証実験の事例観察からシステム要件を満たす知能化移動プラットフォームのシステム構成を明らかにした．第三章では，提案したシステム構成について，背景で述べた問題点を解決する評価指標を設定し，関連する研究事例や市販の移動プラットフォームと比較することで優位性を示した．第四章では，提案したシステム構成に基づき，使用場面に応じた二つの知能化移動プラットフォームを開発した．一つ目として屋外での移動サービスを想定し，所属研究室でこれまで開発されてきた走行性能が高い電動カートをベースとしたプラットフォーム開発を行った．基本ナビゲーション機能には当研究室での共同研究成果を搭載した．動作検証を学内及びつくばロボット特区で行い約1㎞以上の自律走行能力を有していることを確認し，提案したシステム構成が有効であることを確認した．二つ目として屋内外でシームレスな移動サービスを想定して，屋内における移動性能を重視した車椅子ベースの知能化移動プラットフォームを開発した．上記と同様のコンセプトで開発し学内において同様の動作検証を行いその自律走行能力を確認した．第五章では，開発した知能化移動プラットフォームを用いた移動サービスに関する研究成果（文献11件）に関して，設定したシステム要件を満たす実装がどのようにそれらの研究実績に繋がった考察を行い，設定したシステム要件と提案したシステム構成が有効であることを確認した．本研究の成果は，様々な移動サービス研究に用いることのできる移動プラットフォームのシステム要件を明らかにし，その構築に有効なシステム構成を示したこと，および実際に移動プラットフォームを開発し，その有用性を実際に示したことである．またその開発過程で述べたハードウェア及びソフトウェアのそれぞれに関する実装そのものも有効な知見として述べた．上記の成果は，多くの研究機関が移動サービス研究に従事するにあたり移動プラットフォーム開発の指針とすることができ，今後，移動サービス実現に向けて該当分野の研究がより推進されることが期待できる．電気通信大学201

Role of Sphingomyelinase in Infectious Diseases Caused by Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a pathogen in opportunistic infections. Here we show that Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (Bc-SMase) is a virulence factor for septicemia. Clinical isolates produced large amounts of Bc-SMase, grew in vivo, and caused death among mice, but ATCC strains isolated from soil did not. A transformant of the ATCC strain carrying a recombinant plasmid containing the Bc-SMase gene grew in vivo, but that with the gene for E53A, which has little enzymatic activity, did not. Administration of an anti-Bc-SMase antibody and immunization against Bc-SMase prevented death caused by the clinical isolates, showing that Bc-SMase plays an important role in the diseases caused by B. cereus. Treatment of mouse macrophages with Bc-SMase resulted in a reduction in the generation of H2O2 and phagocytosis of macrophages induced by peptidoglycan (PGN), but no effect on the release of TNF-α and little release of LDH under our experimental conditions. Confocal laser microscopy showed that the treatment of mouse macrophages with Bc-SMase resulted in the formation of ceramide-rich domains. A photobleaching analysis suggested that the cells treated with Bc-SMase exhibited a reduction in membrane fluidity. The results suggest that Bc-SMase is essential for the hydrolysis of SM in membranes, leading to a reduction in phagocytosis

Reciprocal interaction with G-actin and tropomyosin is essential for aquaporin-2 trafficking

Trafficking of water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) to the apical membrane and its vasopressin and protein kinase A (PKA)–dependent regulation in renal collecting ducts is critical for body water homeostasis. We previously identified an AQP2 binding protein complex including actin and tropomyosin-5b (TM5b). We show that dynamic interactions between AQP2 and the actin cytoskeleton are critical for initiating AQP2 apical targeting. Specific binding of AQP2 to G-actin in reconstituted liposomes is negatively regulated by PKA phosphorylation. Dual color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy reveals local AQP2 interaction with G-actin in live epithelial cells at single-molecule resolution. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling and AQP2 phosphorylation release AQP2 from G-actin. In turn, AQP2 phosphorylation increases its affinity to TM5b, resulting in reduction of TM5b bound to F-actin, subsequently inducing F-actin destabilization. RNA interference–mediated knockdown and overexpression of TM5b confirm its inhibitory role in apical trafficking of AQP2. These findings indicate a novel mechanism of channel protein trafficking, in which the channel protein itself critically regulates local actin reorganization to initiate its movement

An Interview Professor Morita

学生企

Pneumonia Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Influenza Virus: A Multicenter Comparative Study

Background: Detailed differences in clinical information between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia (CP), which is the main phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 disease, and influenza pneumonia (IP) are still unclear. Methods: A prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted by including patients with CP who were hospitalized between January and June 2020 and a retrospective cohort of patients with IP hospitalized from 2009 to 2020. We compared the clinical presentations and studied the prognostic factors of CP and IP. Results: Compared with the IP group (n = 66), in the multivariate analysis, the CP group (n = 362) had a lower percentage of patients with underlying asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < .01), lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P < .01), lower systolic blood pressure (P < .01), higher diastolic blood pressure (P < .01), lower aspartate aminotransferase level (P < .05), higher serum sodium level (P < .05), and more frequent multilobar infiltrates (P < .05). The diagnostic scoring system based on these findings showed excellent differentiation between CP and IP (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.889). Moreover, the prognostic predictors were different between CP and IP. Conclusions: Comprehensive differences between CP and IP were revealed, highlighting the need for early differentiation between these 2 pneumonias in clinical settings

Evaluation of quality indexes of bending performance and hardness for hardwoods

Mechanical properties of 613 small clear specimens of 35 species (11 ring-porous hardwoods, 19 diffuse-porous hardwoods, and 5 softwoods) were evaluated. The aim of the study was to discuss indexes of wood quality that are easy to measure and that exhibit a high correlation with bending performance and hardness that are essential properties of hardwood products. The modulus of rigidity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, bending properties (modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, stress at the proportional limit, absorbed energy, Tetmajer’s modulus), dynamic energy absorption by an impact bending test, compressive strength parallel to the grain, shear strength, partial bearing strength, and Brinell’s hardness were measured. A high correlation was found between dynamic modulus of elasticity and static modulus of elasticity. Bending stress at the proportional limit was found to be approximately equivalent to the compressive strength parallel to the grain. Static energy absorption correlated with dynamic energy absorption. Tetmajer’s modulus was found to be closely related to the ratio of the initial stiffness within the elastic range to the secant modulus at the maximum load. A high correlation was observed between Brinell’s hardness and partial bearing strength. The difference in the regression coefficients obtained for these correlations between the species groups was small

Solution Structures of Cytosolic RNA Sensor MDA5 and LGP2 C-terminal Domains : Identification of the RNA Recognition Loop in RIG-I-LIKE Receptors

The RIG-I like receptor (RLR) comprises three homologues: RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I), MDA5(melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5), and LGP2 (laboratory of genetics and physiology 2). Each RLR senses different viral infections by recognizing replicating viral RNA in the cytoplasm. The RLR contains a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD), which is responsible for the binding specificity to the viral RNAs, including double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and 5'-triphosphated single-stranded RNA (5'ppp-ssRNA). Here, the solution structures of the MDA5 and LGP2 CTD domains were solved by NMR and compared with those of RIG-I CTD. The CTD domains each have a similar fold and a similar basic surface but there is the distinct structural feature of a RNA binding loop; The LGP2 and RIG-I CTD domains have a large basic surface, one bank of which is formed by the RNA binding loop. MDA5 also has a large basic surface that is extensively flat due to open conformation of the RNA binding loop. The NMR chemical shift perturbation study showed that dsRNA and 5'ppp-ssRNA are bound to the basic surface of LGP2 CTD, whereas dsRNA is bound to the basic surface of MDA5 CTD but much more weakly, indicating that the conformation of the RNA binding loop is responsible for the sensitivity to dsRNA and 5'ppp-ssRNA. Mutation study of the basic surface and the RNA binding loop supports the conclusion from the structure studies. Thus, the CTD is responsible for the binding affinity to the viral RNAs