Чисельне моделювання фазових переходів у просторово-розподілених стохастичних системах

У рамках комп’ютерного експерименту у роботі вивчалася можливість реалізації фазового переходу типу порушення симетрії у просторово-розподіленій синергетичній системі за рахунок дії скорельованих у часі шумів. У якості базової моделі була використана система Лоренца із двома шумами та просторовою (дифузійною) складовою у рівнянні на параметр порядку. Побудована модель добре описує ряд процесів, наприклад, самоорганізацію дефектної структури під впливом скорельованих внутрішнього та зовнішнього шумів

Problematika Permohonan Grasi Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2002

According to executor attorney opinion, no time limit for application clemency, it wills be performing deep constraint on dead punishment execution. Execution of dead punishment also constraint by rule that allows criminal to propose the second clemency application. This constraint still is added by condition that second clemency application is two years of first clemency rejection. Meanwhile according to criminal lawyer reception, with no rule upon, constitute a advantage by criminal dead, since it can propose clemency without time limit for first clemency application and also second application, so execution could be delayed. At Yogyakarta court since year 2002 until now there is no criminal propose clemencies. It is caused, firstly, certain verdict type that could be requested for clemency, secondary by apply clemency cause dead sentence is no postpone except for dead verdict, thirdly most criminal on narcotic and drug abuse case was pleased with first grade verdict

Regioselective [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of a Fullerene Dimer with an Alkyne Triggered by Thermolysis of an Interfullerene C–C Bond

Heating of a singly bonded fullerene dimer in the presence of an alkyne forms a cyclobutene structure on only one of the two fullerene moieties, through a stereo- and regioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Experimental and theoretical data suggest that the reaction is triggered by cleavage of the interfullerene C–C bond and formation of a monomeric fullerene radical

Divergent Synthesis and Tuning of the Electronic Structures of Cobalt–Dithiolene–Fullerene Complexes for Organic Solar Cells

A pentakis­(aryl)[60]­fullerene cobalt trisulfide complex (<b>1a</b>) was obtained from the reaction of a pentakis­(aryl)[60]­fullerene cobalt dicarbonyl complex (<b>2a</b>) with triphenylmethanethiol. This reaction proceeded smoothly even at ambient temperature to produce <b>1a</b> in moderate to high yield. The series of pentakis­(aryl)[60]­fullerene cobalt dithiolene complexes <b>3</b>–<b>9</b> were also synthesized by the reaction of <b>1a</b> with a variety of readily available disulfide compounds. The HOMO and LUMO levels of the complexes could be tuned by making changes to the substituents on the dithiolene ligands, with changes to the electronic structure of the compounds influencing their photovoltaic performance, especially in terms of their open-circuit voltage. Small-molecule organic solar cells constructed from the naphthalene dithiolene complex <b>9</b> and tetrabenzoporphyrin showed a power conversion efficiency of 0.59%

Regioselective [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of a Fullerene Dimer with an Alkyne Triggered by Thermolysis of an Interfullerene C–C Bond

Heating of a singly bonded fullerene dimer in the presence of an alkyne forms a cyclobutene structure on only one of the two fullerene moieties, through a stereo- and regioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Experimental and theoretical data suggest that the reaction is triggered by cleavage of the interfullerene C–C bond and formation of a monomeric fullerene radical

FeCl₃-Mediated Synthesis of Fullerenyl Esters as Low-LUMO Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaic Devices

C₆₀ reacted with aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of inexpensive FeCl₃ at room temperature to produce hydroxyfullerenyl esters C₆₀(OCOR)(OH) in up to 68% isolated yield. The hydroxyl group was utilized in functional group transformations to obtain a diester derivative C₆₀(OCOAr)(OCOPh) (Ar = 2,6-xylyl) and a siloxyl derivative C₆₀(OCOAr)(OSiMe₃). The diester and siloxyl derivatives were found to possess low-lying LUMO levels were utilized in organic photovoltaic devices showing 1.3% power conversion efficiency

Covalently Chemical Modification of Lithium Ion-Encapsulated Fullerene: Synthesis and Characterization of [Li⁺@PCBM]PF₆^–

Covalently organic derivatization of [Li⁺@C₆₀]PF₆^– to obtain Li⁺-encapsulated PCBM, [Li⁺@PCBM]PF₆^–, is described. Synthetic procedures, electrochemical properties, light absorption properties, details of isomerization from [5,6]- to [6,6]-isomer, and X-ray crystal structure of [Li⁺@PCBM]PF₆^– are discussed