On the contribution of cosmic-ray interactions in the circumgalactic gas to the observed high-energy neutrino flux

Cosmic rays escaping the Milky-Way disk interact with circumgalactic gas which fills the virial volume of our Galaxy. These interactions should produce guaranteed fluxes of energetic diffuse neutrinos and photons observable at the Earth. This neutrino flux would be a plausible contribution to the spectrum measured by the IceCube neutrino observatory: the energy emitted in this way is weakly constrained from cascade gamma rays, since the cascades have no time to develop, but the arrival directions of the neutrinos do not point to the Galactic disk, in agreement with observations. However, previous studies reported very different estimates of the corresponding neutrino flux, so it was unclear if this contribution to the observed spectrum is essential. Here we readdress the calculation of this diffuse neutrino flux component under various assumptions about the cosmic-ray spectrum and propagation in the circumgalactic medium. We find that even with these variations, this contribution to the observed neutrino flux remains subleading provided multimessenger constraints are satisfied.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures; v2: discussions extended; version accepted by JCA

FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF ATHLETS ANALYSIS UNDER THE ADAPTATION TO THE CYCLIC KIND OF SPORTS TRAINING LOADS

Непрерывное повышение спортивной результативности предъявляет всевозрастающие требования к качеству тренировочного процесса. Его совершенствование зависит от наличия устойчивой обратной связи между тренировочными воздействиями и адекватной реакцией на них организма спортсмена. В статье рассматриваются подходы комплексного исследования функционального состояния, на основе изучения его отдельных компонентов, в процессе подготовки юных лыжников и конькобежцев.Цель. Статья посвящена актуальному вопросу в работе тренеров – оценка функционального состояния организма юных спортсменов на основе изучения психического, нейродинамического, энергетического и двигательного компонентов.Метод и методология проведения работы. Основу исследования составляют:– тест «Простая зрительно-моторная реакция» (ПЗМР) до физической нагрузки и после нагрузки, характеризующий уровень возбудимости ЦНС и скорости распространения возбуждения по нервным цепям;– тест «Критическая частота слияния мельканий» (КЧСМ) до физической нагрузки и после нагрузки,– тест «Устойчивость корковых процессов» (УКП),Изучение функционального состояния ЦНС осуществлялось с помощью аппаратно-программного комплекса «НС-психотест», включающего программное обеспечение для IBM PC под управлением Windows и внешний высокоточный контроллер. Для оценки психического компонента исследовалось логическое мышление, внимание (таблица Шульта-Платонова) и память.Энергетический компонент исследовался с помощью теста Руфье.Результаты. Результат работы заключается в том, что выбор указанных методик определения функционального состояния спортсменов является оправданным, так как выявлены различия в исследуемых компонентов функционального состояния лыжников и конькобежцев. Это обусловлено различием спортивных специализаций, в каждой из которых механизмы энергетического обеспечения двигательных режимов различаются.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования важны для организаторов тренировочного процесса молодых атлетов в циклических видах спорта. Данное исследование может послужить дальнейшему совершенствованию тренировочного процесса в циклических видах спорта.Continuous athletic performance enhancement makes higher demands on work-out session quality. Its advance depends on the presence of a stable feedback between training manipulations and adequate sportsman body response to those. This paper presents various approaches to multicenter study of functional status, following the study of its separate components, during the training preparation of young ski-racers and speed skaters.Purpose. The article is concerned with the topic of coach-instructor interest – functional status of young athletes in respect to analysis of psychic, neurodynamic, energy and physical elements.Methodology. Methodological foundations of the research:– «Simple visual-motor reaction» test (SVMR) before and after muscle loading representative of SVMR driving level and its spreading speed over neurological circuit;– «Critical flicker fusion frequency» test (CFFF) before and after muscle loading;– «Cortical processes stability» test (CPS).Functional status CPS analysis was investigated under hardware and software complex «PS-psychotest», which includes IBM PC software for Windows and external high-accuracy controller. Psychic element was investigated through logical thinking, attentiveness (Schulte table) and memory.Energy element was investigated under the Ruffier functional test.Results. Research results center around the fact that the choice of required methods of functional status of athletes analysis appears appropriate as therefore functional status of ski-racers and speed skaters elements of interest were exposed to differ. This is due to the fact that the sportive areas of specialization differ owing to different physical condition energy provision dynamics.Practical implications. The results of the research are considered important for cyclic sports young athletes workout-session instructors. The present research can be useful for future advancing of cyclic sports workout-sessions

Educational Inequality and Professional Motivation of a Future Teacher

The professional motivation and interest of the teacher in the students’ educational results are the key resources that allow educational institutions to minimize the existing inequality of educational opportunities for members of different social groups. On this point, one of the important issues of professional training of future teachers is the formation of motivation for their professional activity regarded as a factor that ensures the equality of educational opportunities for students from different social groups. Based on the results of empirical studies of different years, the article analyzes the changes that occurred in the professional motivation of students after the Ussuriysk State Pedagogical Institute joined the Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU) in 2011 as the School of Education. The use of the same measuring instruments made it possible to conduct a comparative analysis of the professional motivation of students in different periods

Direct imaging of shock wave splitting in diamond at Mbar pressure

Understanding the behavior of matter at extreme pressures of the order of a megabar (Mbar) is essential to gain insight into various physical phenomena at macroscales—the formation of planets, young stars, and the cores of super-Earths, and at microscales—damage to ceramic materials and high-pressure plastic transformation and phase transitions in solids. Under dynamic compression of solids up to Mbar pressures, even a solid with high strength exhibits plastic properties, causing the induced shock wave to split in two: an elastic precursor and a plastic shock wave. This phenomenon is described by theoretical models based on indirect measurements of material response. The advent of x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has made it possible to use their ultrashort pulses for direct observations of the propagation of shock waves in solid materials by the method of phase-contrast radiography. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive data for verification of theoretical models of different solids. Here, we present the results of an experiment in which the evolution of the coupled elastic–plastic wave structure in diamond was directly observed and studied with submicrometer spatial resolution, using the unique capabilities of the x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). The direct measurements allowed, for the first time, the fitting and validation of the 2D failure model for diamond in the range of several Mbar. Our experimental approach opens new possibilities for the direct verification and construction of equations of state of matter in the ultra-high-stress range, which are relevant to solving a variety of problems in high-energy-density physics

New Assessment Model of Financing Treatment of Patients with Complete Tooth Loss

According to the World Health Organization, the global prevalence of complete tooth loss is estimated to be 7% among individuals aged 20 years and older, while for those aged 60 and over, this rate significantly increases to 23%. This study is relevant due to the psychological trauma, social challenges, and functional limitations caused by tooth loss, as well as the uneven availability of dental care worldwide. The goal of this research is to develop and implement a new model to assess the socioeconomic feasibility of investing in digital technologies for diagnosing and treating patients with complete tooth loss using removable polymer prostheses produced through additive 3D printing. The study employs scenario analysis, the clustered rankings coordination method, statistical methods, expert opinion assessment using Kendall’s coefficient of rank concordance, system analysis and design, questionnaires, sociometry, and functional modeling. The practical significance of this research lies in providing a quantitative assessment of economic opportunities for effectively using RPDs in three groups: RPDs without additional fixation means; those with special adhesive agents for improved fixation; and implant-supported prosthetics with conditionally removable dentures similar to RPDs. The scientific novelty of this study is the development of a new evaluation model that justifies the choice of prosthetic treatment technology for patients with complete tooth loss, enabling the most rational use of resources. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-05-014 Full Text: PD

Modification of Biocorrosion and Cellular Response of Magnesium Alloy WE43 by Multiaxial Deformation

The study shows that multiaxial deformation (MAD) treatment leads to grain refinement in magnesium alloy WE43. Compared to the initial state, the MAD-processed alloy exhibited smoother biocorrosion dynamics in a fetal bovine serum and in a complete cell growth medium. Examination by microCT demonstrated retardation of the decline in the alloy volume and the Hounsfield unit values. An attendant reduction in the rate of accumulation of the biodegradation products in the immersion medium, a less pronounced alkalization, and inhibited sedimentation of biodegradation products on the surface of the alloy were observed after MAD. These effects were accompanied with an increase in the osteogenic mesenchymal stromal cell viability on the alloy surface and in a medium containing their extracts. It is expected that the more orderly dynamics of biodegradation of the WE43 alloy after MAD and the stimulation of cell colonization will effectively promote stable osteosynthesis, making repeat implant extraction surgeries unnecessary

Rationale for Processing of a Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing for Use in Biodegradable Implants for Osteoreconstruction

Widespread use of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys in clinical orthopedic practice requires improvement of their mechanical properties—in particular, ductility—and enhancement of their bioactivity for accelerated osteoreconstruction. The alloy was studied in two structural states: after homogenization and after equal-channel angular pressing. Immersion and potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that the corrosion rate of the alloy was not increased by deformation. The mass loss in vivo was also statistically insignificant. Furthermore, it was found that deformation did not compromise the biocompatibility of the alloy and did not have any significant effect on cell adhesion and proliferation. However, an extract of the alloy promoted the alkaline phosphatase activity of human mesenchymal stromal cells, which indicates osteogenic stimulation of cells. The osteoinduction of the deformed alloy significantly exceeded that of the homogenized one. Based on the results of this work, it can be concluded that the alloy Mg-1%Zn-0.3%Ca modified by equal-channel angular pressing is a promising candidate for the manufacture of biodegradable orthopedic implants since it stimulates osteogenic differentiation and has greater ductility, which provides it with a competitive advantage in comparison with the homogenized state

The Forest Observation System, building a global reference dataset for remote sensing of forest biomass

International audienceForest biomass is an essential indicator for monitoring the Earth's ecosystems and climate. It is a critical input to greenhouse gas accounting, estimation of carbon losses and forest degradation, assessment of renewable energy potential, and for developing climate change mitigation policies such as REDD+, among others. Wall-to-wall mapping of aboveground biomass (aGB) is now possible with satellite remote sensing (RS). However, RS methods require extant, up-to-date, reliable, representative and comparable in situ data for calibration and validation. Here, we present the Forest Observation System (FOS) initiative, an international cooperation to establish and maintain a global in situ forest biomass database. aGB and canopy height estimates with their associated uncertainties are derived at a 0.25 ha scale from field measurements made in permanent research plots across the world's forests. all plot estimates are geolocated and have a size that allows for direct comparison with many RS measurements. The FOS offers the potential to improve the accuracy of RS-based biomass products while developing new synergies between the RS and ground-based ecosystem research communities

sPlot - a new tool for global vegetation analyses

Aims: Vegetation-plot records provide information on the presence and cover or abundance of plants co-occurring in the same community. Vegetation-plot data are spread across research groups, environmental agencies and biodiversity research centers and, thus, are rarely accessible at continental or global scales. Here we present the sPlot database, which collates vegetation plots worldwide to allow for the exploration of global patterns in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity at the plant community level. Results: sPlot version 2.1 contains records from 1,121,244 vegetation plots, which comprise 23,586,216 records of plant species and their relative cover or abundance in plots collected worldwide between 1885 and 2015. We complemented the information for each plot by retrieving climate and soil conditions and the biogeographic context (e.g., biomes) from external sources, and by calculating community-weighted means and variances of traits using gap-filled data from the global plant trait database TRY. Moreover, we created a phylogenetic tree for 50,167 out of the 54,519 species identified in the plots. We present the first maps of global patterns of community richness and community-weighted means of key traits. Conclusions: The availability of vegetation plot data in sPlot offers new avenues for vegetation analysis at the global scale