Assessing the impacts of state-supported rail services on local population and employment: A California case study

The State of California has been financially supporting Amtrak intercity passenger rail services since 1976. This paper studies the impacts of this support on local population and employment at both county and city levels. We use datasets which include geographic, transportation, and socioeconomic characteristics of California counties and cities from 1950 to 2010. Propensity score, one-to-one matching models are employed to draw units from the control group, which are counties/cities that do not have a state-supported Amtrak station, to match with units from the treatment group, which are counties/cities that do. Using regression analysis, we find that state-support Amtrak stations have significant effect on local population in the long term, and the effect increases with time. However, the effect on civilian employment is almost non-existent. This suggests that state-supported Amtrak services can provide quality rail mobility and accessibility, which attract people to live in a rail-accessible region. However, the economic influence seems limited

Additional file 1: of Phosphodiesterases in non-neoplastic appearing colonic mucosa from patients with colorectal neoplasia

qPCR data for PDE10A. (XLSX 44 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Saliva DNA quality and genotyping efficiency in a predominantly elderly population

Subject gender, age, DNA characteristics and genotyping results corresponding to the samples used for genotyping. (“B” sample IDs indicate DNA from blood and “S” sample IDs are DNA from saliva). (DOCX 31 kb

Results of CHARGE exome chip genotype calls compared to exome sequence data in 530 individuals.

<p>Results of CHARGE exome chip genotype calls compared to exome sequence data in 530 individuals.</p

Best practices criteria used to identify SNPs for visual inspection and manual reclustering.

<p>AA: allele A homozygote; AB: heterozygote; BB: allele B homozygote; Het: heterozygote; MAF: minor allele frequency; MT: mitochondrial; PC: parent-child; PPC: parent-parent-child; R: normalized intensity; Rep, reproducibility.</p

Exome chip content and CHARGE excluded variants by functional category.

1<p>dbNSFP was used for annotating variants <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068095#pone.0068095-Liu1" target="_blank">[27]</a> (see Methods).</p

Exome chip minor allele frequency distribution by race.

<p>The following samples were excluded: all AGES individuals, race unknown or not reported, known replicates, HapMap controls, individuals with p10GC <0.38, and individuals with call rate <0.97. Individuals with race designated as other were included in the overall MAF calculation, but data is not shown separately (n = 26). A total of 238,065 variants were used for calculating minor allele frequencies after excluding those that failed laboratory quality control (n = 8,994) and duplicates (n = 811).</p

Exome chip SNP exclusion criteria.

<p>AA: allele A homozygote; AB: heterozygote; BB: allele B homozygote; Het: heterozygote; R: normalized intensity.</p