Fixed-effect regression models of neonatal mortality rates for the MCA in all the sample and separated by poor and non-poor areas in Brazil, 1991–2000.

<p>Sources: Author’s calculation using data from the population Census 1991 & 2000, the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and Sousa A, et al. 2010 for neonatal mortality.</p><p>Note: The models control for state fixed effects not presented in the table. Estimates were produced using robust standard errors to adjust for the presence of heteroscedasticity. We used the log of neonatal mortality as dependant variable. Statistical significance with a *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Poor refers to minimum comparable areas (MCA) with more than 50% of population below the poverty line, and non-poor otherwise. In all models, differences in the coefficients between categories of health workers are statically significant except for the densities of physicians and nurse professionals. Differences in the coefficients between poor and non-poor areas are also statistically significant. Other covariates such as the proportion of adult women (over age 15) with less than five years of education (average years) were also explored but not considered for the final analysis because of multicolinearity and for having less explanatory power than the variables finally included in the models.</p

Relationship between the level of inequality and the density of physicians plus nurse professionals per 1000 pop by state and region in Brazil 1991–2005.

<p>Author's calculation using data of the population Census 1991 & 2000 and Datasus 2005 -Conselhos profissionais (Ministério da Saúde/SGTES/DEGERTS/CONPROF). Note: X axis = density of physicians plus nurse professionals per 1000 pop. Y axis = Theil T index. Panel A = relationship for the year 1991. Panel B = relationship for the year 2000. Panel C = relationship for the year 2005. Each dot represents a state. The horizontal and vertical line represents the national averages of both variables. S refers to states in the Southern Regions and N refers to states in the Northern Regions. Area of the symbol proportional to state's population.</p

Inequalities in the distribution of the health workforce and the sources of the inequalities by category of health workers in Brazil 1991–2005.

<p>Sources: Author's calculation using data of the population Census 1991 & 2000, Datasus 2005 -Conselhos profissionais (Ministério da Saúde/SGTES/DEGERTS/CONPROF) and Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB/Ministério da Saúde)-, and the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA).</p><p>Note: Skilled (HW) Health Workers is defined as physicians and nurse professionals and not skilled Health Workers as community health workers and nurse associates. Densities are calculated per 1000 pop.</p

Descriptive statistics.

<p>Sources: Data were extracted from the population Census 1991 & 2000. We also used data at state level from Datasus 2005 -Conselhos profissionais (Ministério da Saúde/SGTES/DEGERTS/CONPROF) and Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB)-,</p><p>Note: Skilled (HW) Health Workers is defined as physicians and nurse professionals and not skilled Health Workers as community health workers and nurse associates. Densities are calculated per 1000 pop.</p

Trends of the density of physicians plus nurse professional per 1000 pop by region in Brazil 1991–2005.

<p>Author's calculation using data of the population Census 1991 & 2000 and Datasus 2005 -Conselhos profissionais (Ministério da Saúde/SGTES/DEGERTS/CONPROF). Note: X axis = year. Y axis = density of physicians plus nurse professionals per 1000 pop. Blue diamond = North Region. Green square = Northeast Region. Purple cross = Centre West Region. Yellow cross = South Region. Pink triangle = Southeast Region.</p

Effect of skilled and unskilled health workers availability on neonatal mortality in poor and rich areas.

<p>Sources: Author’s calculation using the output from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074772#pone-0074772-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p><p>Note: Skilled health workers refers to physicians & nurse professional and unskilled health workers to nurse associate & community health workers. Poor refers to minimum comparable areas (MCA) with more than 50% of population below the poverty line, and non-poor otherwise. The explained reduction by skilled health workers for poor and non-poor areas is the sum of the marginal effects estimated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074772#pone-0074772-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> for physicians and nurse professionals. Similarly, the explained reduction by unskilled health workers is the sum of the marginal effects for nurse associate and community health worker.</p

Trends of the neonatal mortality rate per 1000–2005.

<p>Sources: Author’s calculation using data from the population Census 1991 & 2000, the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), DATASUS 2005, Sousa A, et al. 2010 for neonatal mortality 1991 & 2000 and projected estimates of neonatal mortality rate 2005 from output <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074772#pone-0074772-t002" target="_blank">table 2</a>. Note: X axis = year. Y axis left = neonatal mortality rate per 1000 lb. Y axis right = health workers density per 1000 pop. Green square = neonatal mortality rate for poor areas. Blue diamond = neonatal mortality rate for non-poor areas. Pink cross = health workers density for non- poor areas. Orange cross = health workers density for poor areas.</p

Descriptive statistics.

<p>Sources: Data from the population Census 1991 & 2000, the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and Sousa A, et al. 2010 for neonatal mortality.</p><p>Note: For all variables, differences in the mean values between years are statistically significant except for the density of physicians per 1000 population.</p