Il fenomeno del food waste: gli sprechi alimentari da problema a risorse

Il tema degli sprechi alimentari rappresenta un problema globale nonché una preoccupazione centrale del nostro secolo. Negli ultimi anni, il fenomeno ha assunto un’importanza crescente all’interno del dibattito scientifico e delle iniziative della società civile, fino ad essere richiamato nei documenti programmatici dell’UE e delle principali organizzazioni internazionali (FAO, UNEP, USDA, G20). Tuttavia, non esiste ancora una definizione univoca di “spreco alimentare”, così come non esistono metodologie uniformi per calcolarlo; ma, gli studi concordano che il cibo è sprecato ad ogni stadio della filiera alimentare. Si stima che annualmente nel mondo gli sprechi alimentari ammontano a circa 1.3 miliardi di tonnellate (un terzo della produzione totale di cibo destinato al consumo umano). Le cause sono molteplici e si differenziano in base al livello di sviluppo economico raggiunto (Paesi industrializzati o in via di sviluppo) e in base alla particolare struttura della filiera agroalimentare (es. standard dimensionali ed estetici, norme sulla qualità dei prodotti, surplus produttivi o fattori economici). Nel panorama europeo, i Paesi che hanno già avviato azioni e programmi volti a comprendere e contrastare il fenomeno sono molti; ma solo Francia e Italia, nel 2016, hanno adottato una legislazione nazionale in materia. Gli sprechi alimentari generano impatti negativi ambientali ed economici, ma a rendere ancora più allarmante il fenomeno è la questione sociale. Infatti, a fronte di un miliardo circa di persone nel mondo che, allo stato attuale sono sottoalimentate, gli sprechi alimentari appaiono quanto mai inaccettabili. Per stimare l’impatto ambientale di un alimento sprecato è necessario considerare il suo intero ciclo di vita utilizzando indicatori specifici quali il carbon footprint, l’ecological footprint o il water footprint; mentre per quanto riguarda l’impatto economico degli sprechi, esso include la quantificazione delle esternalità negative oltre il costo o il prezzo dei prodotti gettati via. Viste le dimensioni assunte dal fenomeno e soprattutto dalla portata dei suoi impatti, gli sprechi alimentari si allontanano di molto da quelli che sono gli obiettivi di sostenibilità da intraprendere a livello mondiale. Pertanto, la promozione di iniziative di sensibilizzazione e di recupero degli sprechi (es. attraverso il recupero delle eccedenze produttive a fini solidali o per la produzione di bioenergie), oltre all’applicazione di un quadro legislativo, dovrebbe far crescere la consapevolezza di consumatori, produttori, istituzioni e politica che in un mondo in crisi economica, ambientale e sociale, lo spreco è un fenomeno totalmente insostenibile, e non è più consentito. La sostenibilità non può più essere considerata un mero concetto teorico, ma è necessario ripensare i modelli di produzione e di consumo, rivedere comportamenti e stili di vita, per intraprendere un percorso mirato verso una società compatibile con i bisogni delle attuali e delle future generazioni. In tale contesto, la Commissione europea ha presentato un pacchetto per sostenere la transizione dell’UE verso un’economia circolare, nel quale la prevenzione e la minimizzazione degli sprechi alimentari sono parte integrante.Food waste is a global issue and a central concern of our century, it is a significant phenomenon that is currently at the heart of academic debates, civil society initiatives, and political agendas (FAO, UNEP, USDA, G20). However, there is not any standardized definition of “food waste” or any homogeneous and comparable data, but all studies agree that food is wasted at every stage of the food supply chain. Annual global food waste is estimated to be about 1.3 billion tons (a third of the total food production intended for human consumption). There are many causes of waste, differentiated according to the State (industrialized or developing countries) and the various stages of the food supply chain (e.g. due to sizing and esthetic standards, product quality regulations, production surplus or economic factors). Many EU Member States have already launched actions and programmers to promote waste reduction; but only France and Italy, in 2016, have adopted a national regulation to minimize the phenomenon. Food waste have negative environmental and economic impacts and their existence raises serious questions from a social point of view. In fact, given the problem of malnutrition that is afflicting around one billion people worldwide, the food waste appears extremely unacceptable. In order to estimate the environmental impact of a wasted food, it is necessary to consider its entire life cycle using the indicators, such as carbon footprint, ecological footprint, water footprint. The economic impact of wasted food includes calculating the negative externalities, besides the cost or the price of the products thrown away. Given the scale reached by the food waste phenomenon, and above all the scope of its impacts, the food waste deviate very far from those that are the sustainability goals to be taken globally. Therefore, the promotion of awareness initiatives and waste recovery (e.g. by distribution of the productive surplus to solidarity aims or to produce bioenergy), the application of a regulatory framework, should raise consumer, producer, institution and policy awareness in a world in economic, environmental and social crisis where the waste is no longer allowed. Sustainability can no longer be considered a theoretical concept, but is necessary a rethinking of the conventional models of production and consumption, the behaviors and lifestyles, to undertake a focused path towards a society compatible with the needs of the present and the future generations. In this context, European Commission put forward to support the EU’s transition to a circular economy, where food waste prevention and minimization are an integral part

Evaluasi Pengendalian Intern terhadap Sistem Akuntansi Pembelian dan Persediaan Bahan Baku pada PT Fuyindo Multi Perdana

Internal control is essential for the operational activities of a company. The author conducted research for internal control of accounting systems and inventory purchases of raw materials. Internal controls for purchasing and inventory of raw materials is essential if companies want to produce a superior product. In this study researchers prepare the field research method by observation and literature study by studying the theories associated with the purchase and supply of raw materials. The results obtained show the important things that can be controlled by the company for operating companies to run well and the management can give a decision based on the reports of evaluation results, it can be suggested that companies should do in the internal control system purchase accounting and inventory of raw materials

Aplikasi Pemasaran Berbasis Web PT XYZ

Marketing plays an important role in determining the success of a company's sales. Marketing of goods or services over the Internet opens an opportunity for a company to expand the business into new markets, and compete with other businesses in the same field. It is because the internet offers wider selection of good products, service products, and prices. Thus, customers can be sure in choosing and buying of goods and services. For that e-marketing is introduced as an marketing strategy that integrates internet and marketing. A study was conducted to develop e-marketing application for PT XYZ as a company that produces and sells men's apparel and accessories. The methodology used in developing the e-marketing application is library research, field research, and a seven-stage approach to build e-marketing. The e-marketing strategy developed is expected to expand market share and increase sales. Additionally, it is expected to be a powerful strategy to build relationships with customers, providing information of both company and its products

Scattering by flexural phonons in suspended graphene under back gate induced strain

We have studied electron scattering by out-of-plane (flexural) phonon modes in doped suspended graphene and its effect on charge transport. In the free-standing case (absence of strain) the flexural branch shows a quadratic dispersion relation, which becomes linear at long wavelength when the sample is under tension due to the rotation symmetry breaking. In the non-strained case, scattering by flexural phonons is the main limitation to electron mobility. This picture changes drastically when strains above $\bar{u}=10^{-4} n(10^{12}\,\text{cm}^{-2})$ are considered. Here we study in particular the case of back gate induced strain, and apply our theoretical findings to recent experiments in suspended graphene.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, published versio

Evaluasi Sistem Informasi Penjualan pada PT XYZ

The study aims to evaluate the sales information system of PT XYZ whether the system supports the company\u27s goals, as well as to determine the problem and control done by the company. Literature study and field studies through observation, interviews and checklists are implemented. The results of this evaluation are weaknesses in information systems presented on matrices of risk assessment and audit reports. The evaluation discovers the weaknesses of each control which are the potential risks and recommendation need. The controlimplemented by the company still needs to be improved further, particularly in the controls of input and output which are still weak

Eksplorasi Dan Potensi Jamur Pelarut Fosfat Pada Andisol Terkena Dampak Erupsi Gunung Sinabung Dengan Beberapa Ketebalan Abu Di Kecamatan Naman Teran Kabupaten Karo

This research was conducted to determine the type of Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi (PSF) as a result from isolated Andisol in Naman Teran district Karo sub district that affected by the eruption of mount Sinabung with some ash thickness around 0 cm (not affected), >0 cm - <2 cm (thin), >2 cm - 8 cm (moderate) and >8 cm (thick), and to determine its ability to dissolve phosphate on solid media. Isolation and potential test on solid media using media Pikovskaya with phosphate source Ca3(PO4)2. Evaluates JPF potential qualitatively by measuring the holozone diameter using index values dissolution. The results were obtained 4 PSF genus found in Andisol's soil affected by the eruption of mount Sinabung: Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp.1 and Penicillium sp. 2. PSF were able to survive up to a thickness of Asharound >8cm is Aspergillus sp. Based on the test results the potential of solid media Penicillium sp.2 has the best ability to dissolve phosphate

Flexural phonons in free-standing graphene

Rotation and reflection symmetries impose that out-of-plane (flexural) phonons of free-standing graphene membranes have a quadratic dispersion at long wavelength and can be excited by charge carriers in pairs only. As a result, we find that flexural phonons dominate the phonon contribution to the resistivity $\rho$ below a crossover temperature T_x where we obtain an anomalous temperature dependence $\rho\propto T^{5/2}_{}\ln T$. The logarithmic factor arises from renormalizations of the flexural phonon dispersion due to coupling between bending and stretching degrees of freedom of the membrane.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

New selection rules for resonant Raman scattering on quantum wires

The bosonisation technique is used to calculate the resonant Raman spectrum of a quantum wire with two electronic sub-bands occupied. Close to resonance, the cross section at frequencies in the region of the inter sub-band transitions shows distinct peaks in parallel polarisation of the incident and scattered light that are signature of collective higher order spin density excitations. This is in striking contrast to the conventional selection rule for non-resonant Raman scattering according to which spin modes can appear only in perpendicular polarisation. We predict a new selection rule for the excitations observed near resonance, namely that, apart from charge density excitations, only spin modes with positive group velocities can appear as peaks in the spectra in parallel configuration close to resonance. The results are consistent with all of the presently available experimental data.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure