Modul Panduan Menyususn Kewenangan dan Perencanaan Desa

Kewenangan desa merupakan ruh utama UU Desa untuk mencapai desa mandiri. Ketidakjelasan dan ketidaktegasan atas kewenangan desa akan berakibat buruk. Jika kewenangan desa tidak jelas dan tidak tegas, maka arah kebijakan dan program/kegiatan pelayanan kepada masyarakat desa tidak menentu dan tidak akan berjalan secara efektif. Tumpang tindih peran antarpemerintahan pun bisa saja terjadi, termasuk peran pihak dari luar desa, seperti Perusahaan, perguruan tinggi dan organisasi masyarakat sipil. Karena itu kewenangan desa tidak bisa disepelekan, karena merupakan prasyarat pokok yang harus diakui terlebih dahulu di tingkat kabupaten dan desa, sebelum desa menyusun perencanaan, penganggaran dan menyelenggarakan pelayanan publik. Mandat UU No 6/2014 tentang Desa (UU Desa) adalah mengakui dan menghormati kewenangan desa berdasarkan hak asal usul dan lokal berskala desa. Asas rekognisi dan subsidiaritas inilah yang kini menjadi spirit dalam mendudukkan desa untuk berwenang menyelenggarakan pemerintahan desa, pembangunan desa, pembinaan sosial kemasyarakatan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat. Dengan kewenangan ini pula diyakini akan menjadi penyangga bagi kemandirian desa (desa mandiri), yaitu desa yang berkuasa da bertanggung jawab penuh atas aset-aset yang dimilikinya untuk memenuhi hak-hak dasar dan penghidupan desa secara berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu pula desa harus mengembangkan kelembagaan dan pelembagaan perencanaan desa yang inklusif, berkualitas dan tegas atas rayuan dari rencana program/kegiatan dari pihak luar desa. Dengan demikian perencanaan desa akan menjadi arena pembuktian bahwa desa bisa berdaulat atau terus menerus akan tergantung pada pihak dari luar desa. Modul ini disusun dalam kerangka untuk mnyediakan panduan secara subtantif dan teknis berdasarkan regulasi yang berlaku mengenai penyusunan kewenangan desa dan perencanaan desa secara demokrats. Semua pihak yang peduli pada pembaharuan desa diharapkan dapat mempergunakan modul ini yang telah kami ujicobakan di Desa Mertelu dan Desa Banyusoco Kabupaten Gunungkidul, serta Desa Bontojai dan Desa Lumpangan di Kabupaten Bantaeng. Kami para penyusun modul ini menghaturkan terima kasih kepada Hivos yang telah mendukung pendanaan dan Tim Program Piloting UU Desa dari IRE dan CCES Yogyakarta yang telah kerja keras selama ini. Akhir kata, modul ini tentu belum sempurna maka silahkan mempergunakan sambil memberikan umpan Balik dan mengembangkannya sesuai dengan kebutuhan maupun situasi masing-masing

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Penjumlahan Bilangan Dua Angka Menggunakan Manik-manik dan Kartu Bilangan Kelas 1 Sdn 04 Kembayan

Improved learning outcomes sum of two numbers using the number of beads and number cards in class 1 SDN 04 Kembayan. This study aims to describe the implementation of learning two-digit numbers in grade 1 SDN 04 Kembayan. The method used is descriptive in the form of research is Classroom Action Research. Research results obtained is the ability of teachers in preparing lesson plans in the first cycle total score is 16.25 or 3.33 and cycle II total score is 19.25, or an average increased to 3.85. The observation of the ability of teachers to implement the learning in the first cycle the total score of 13.21 or an average of 3:30 and the second cycle increased to 15.20 or an average of 3.80. Student learning outcomes in the material is the sum of two numbers numbers first cycle average of 57.78 and a second cycle increased the average being 82.22. This means learning to use beads and number cards can improve student learning outcomes grade 1 SDN 04 Kembayan

Analisis Faktor Penyebab Siswa Mengalami Kesulitan Belajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas VIII SMP Lkia Pontianak

This study aims to determine the factors that cause and efforts of assistance to students who have difficulty learning Indonesian language in class VIII SMP LKIA Pontianak. The method used is descriptive method, with the form of survey research. The data collection technique used is the technique of indirect communication with a data collector in the form of a questionnaire. The data used were analyzed with descriptive analysis and using a percentage formula. The population in this study were students of class VIII SMP Pontianak LKIA numbering 42 people, because the population is less than 100 then all the population is taken and this research is called the study population. From the results of research conducted can be concluded that the internal factors that cause students have difficulty learning Indonesian classified as less, external factors that lead to students having trouble learning Indonesian is quite good, and the relief effort is given to students who have learning difficulties Indonesian quite enough

Peningkatan Aktivitas Pembelajaran IPS Teknik Lingkaran Kecil Lingkaran Besar Kelas III Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to improve the model of cooverative learning techniques inside-outside circle IPS grade student III SD Negeri 01 Pontianak Selatan. The research method is descriptive method. Techniques used in this study is the direct observasion techniques by used observation sheet as a data collection tool. Researh subjects are 32 students and one teacher. Based on the result of research to implement lessons learned from the implementation of the first cycle of 2.86 (enough) increased to 3.77 (excellent) on the second cycle increased by 0.91. The ability of teachers implement the learning in the first cycle of 2.42 (enough) increased to 3.76 an increase of 1.34 (excellent) and student learning activities first cycle of 68,02% to 96,09% in the second cycle. Thus, the cooperative learning inside-outside circle technique can improve learning social studies class III SDN 01 Pontianak Selatan

Reply to "comment on 'Free-Radical Formation by the Peroxidase-Like Catalytic Activity of MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Ni, and Mn) Nanoparticles'"

Recently we have reported a qualitative, quantitative and reproducible study of the generation of free radicals as a result of the surface catalytic activity of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, MnFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles as a function of the Fe2+/Fe3+ oxidation state under different pHs (4.8 and 7.4) and temperatures (25 ºC and 40 ºC) condition. These results were contrasted with those obtained from the in vitro experiments in BV2 cells incubated with dextran-coated magneticnanoparticles. Based on these results we affirm that our ferrite magnetic nanoparticles catalyze the formation of free radicals and the decomposition of H2O2 by a ?peroxidase-like? activity. In a comment on this article, Meunier and A. Robert question two points: First they assert that the measured free radicals are not produced by a peroxidase reaction. Also, based on a different normalization method from those reported in our work, they also discuss that the reaction is not catalytic. Here we reply the arguments of the authors about these two points.Fil: Moreno Maldonado, Ana Carolina. Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón; ; EspañaFil: Winkler, Elin Lilian. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Raineri Andersen, Mariana. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Toro Cordova, Alfonso. Universidad de Zaragoza; EspañaFil: Rodriguez, Luis Miguel. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Troiani, Horacio Esteban. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mojica Pisciotti, Mary Luz. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vasquez Mansilla, Marcelo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Tobia, Dina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Nadal, Marcela. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Torres Molina, Teobaldo Enrique. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: de Biasi, Emilio. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Ramos, Carlos Alberto. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Goya, Gerardo Fabian. Universidad de Zaragoza; EspañaFil: Zysler, Roberto Daniel. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Lima, Enio Junior. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; Argentin

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study.

INTRODUCTION: There are few published empirical data on the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, and until now, there is no large international study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an online questionnaire gathered data from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables. RESULTS: Probable depression was detected in 17.80% and distress in 16.71%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (31.82% vs. 13.07%). At least half of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop depression was associated with history of Bipolar disorder and self-harm/attempts (RR = 5.88). Suicidality was not increased in persons without a history of any mental disorder. Based on these results a model was developed. CONCLUSIONS: The final model revealed multiple vulnerabilities and an interplay leading from simple anxiety to probable depression and suicidality through distress. This could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable. Future research and interventions should specifically focus on them

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.Peer reviewe