25 research outputs found

    An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

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    Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

    An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

    No full text
    Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

    An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

    No full text
    Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

    An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

    No full text
    Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

    Differential Expressions of Nuclear Proteomes between Honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) Queen and Worker Larvae: A Deep Insight into Caste Pathway Decisions

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    Honeybees (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) possess individuals (castes) in their colonies, to which specific tasks are allocated. Owing to a difference in nutrition, the young female larvae develop into either a fertile queen or a sterile worker. Despite a series of investigations on the underlying mechanisms of honeybee caste polyphenism, information on proteins and enzymes involved in DNA and RNA regulation in the nucleus is still missing. The techniques of nuclear protein enrichment, two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and bioinformatics were applied to understand the nuclear proteome changes in response to changes in environmental settings (nutrition and time) during the early developmental stages at the third (72 h), fourth (96 h), and fifth (120 h) instars of the two caste intended larvae. A total of 120 differentially expressed nuclear proteins were identified in both caste intended larvae during these developmental stages. The third, fourth and fifth instars of queen prospective larvae expressed 69%, 84%, and 68% of the proteins that had altered expression, respectively. Particularly, the prospective queen larvae up-regulated most of the proteins with nuclear functions. In general, this changing nuclear proteome of the two caste intended larvae over the three developmental stages suggests variations in DNA and RNA regulating proteins and enzymes. These variations of proteins and enzymes involved in DNA and RNA regulation in response to differential nutrition between the two caste intended larvae lead the two caste larvae to pursue different developmental trajectories. Hence, this first data set of the nuclear proteome helps us to explore the innermost biological makings of queen and worker bee castes as early as before the 72 h (3rd instar). Also, it provides new insights into the honeybee’s polymorphism at nuclear proteome level and paves new ways to understand mechanisms of caste decision in other eusocial insects

    An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

    No full text
    Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

    Proteome Analysis of Hemolymph Changes during the Larval to Pupal Development Stages of Honeybee Workers (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i>)

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    Hemolymph is vital for the flow and transportation of nutrients, ions, and hormones in the honey bee and plays role in innate immune defense. The proteome of the hemolymph changes over the life of a honey bee, but many of these changes are not well characterized, including changes during the life cycle transition from the larval to pupal stages of workers. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and Western blot to analyze the proteome changes of the honeybee hemolymph during the transition from newly hatched larvae to five-day-old pupae. Of the 49 nonredundant proteins that changed in abundance (identified by 80 protein spots), 29 (59.2%) and 20 (40.8%) were strongly expressed in the larvae and the pupae, respectively. The larval hemolymph had high expressions of major royal jelly proteins and proteins related to metabolism of carbohydrates and energy, folding activities, development, and the cytoskeleton and antioxidant systems. Proteins involved in food storage and the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids were abundantly expressed during the late larval to pupal development stages. The proteins expressed by the young larvae are used to enhance their development process and as a temporal innate immune protection mechanism until they gain immunity with age development. The pupae use more energy storage related proteins as they prepare for their non-diet-driven pupation. Our data provide new evidence that changes in the hemolymph at the proteome level match the processes during life transitions in the honeybee

    Proteome Analysis of Hemolymph Changes during the Larval to Pupal Development Stages of Honeybee Workers (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i>)

    No full text
    Hemolymph is vital for the flow and transportation of nutrients, ions, and hormones in the honey bee and plays role in innate immune defense. The proteome of the hemolymph changes over the life of a honey bee, but many of these changes are not well characterized, including changes during the life cycle transition from the larval to pupal stages of workers. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and Western blot to analyze the proteome changes of the honeybee hemolymph during the transition from newly hatched larvae to five-day-old pupae. Of the 49 nonredundant proteins that changed in abundance (identified by 80 protein spots), 29 (59.2%) and 20 (40.8%) were strongly expressed in the larvae and the pupae, respectively. The larval hemolymph had high expressions of major royal jelly proteins and proteins related to metabolism of carbohydrates and energy, folding activities, development, and the cytoskeleton and antioxidant systems. Proteins involved in food storage and the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids were abundantly expressed during the late larval to pupal development stages. The proteins expressed by the young larvae are used to enhance their development process and as a temporal innate immune protection mechanism until they gain immunity with age development. The pupae use more energy storage related proteins as they prepare for their non-diet-driven pupation. Our data provide new evidence that changes in the hemolymph at the proteome level match the processes during life transitions in the honeybee

    Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation Networks in the Hypopharyngeal Gland of Honeybee Workers (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i>)

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    The hypopharyngeal gland (HG) in honeybee workers changes functions according to physiological age in the bee colony from producing royal jelly (RJ) in nurse bees to digestive enzymes in foragers. The same set of secretory cells expresses different genes or proteins to create these age-dependent changes; however, it is unknown precisely how the phosphorylation network regulates physiological differences across the development of the adult worker HG. We employed high-accuracy mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to survey phosphoproteome changes in the newly emerged, nurse, and forager bees. Overall, 941, 1322, and 1196 phosphorylation sites matching 1007, 1353, and 1199 phosphopeptides from 549, 720, and 698 phosphoproteins were identified in the three ages of the HG, respectively. Specialized, interconnected phosphorylation networks within each age were found by comparing protein abundance and phosphorylation levels. This illustrates that many proteins are regulated by phosphorylation independent of their expression levels. Furthermore, proteins in key biological processes and pathways were dynamically phosphorylated with age development, including the centrosome cycle, mitotic spindle elongation, macromolecular complex disassembly, and ribosome, indicating that phosphorylation tunes protein activity to optimize cellular behavior of the HG over time. Moreover, complementary protein and phosphoprotein expression is required to support the unique physiology of secretory activity in the HG. This reported data set of the honeybee phosphoproteome significantly improves our understanding of a range of regulatory mechanisms controlling a variety of cellular processes and will serve as a valuable resource for those studying the honeybee and other insects

    Western Honeybee Drones and Workers (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica)</i> Have Different Olfactory Mechanisms than Eastern Honeybees (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>)

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    The honeybees <i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i> (<i>Aml</i>) and <i>Apis cerana cerana</i> (<i>Acc</i>) are two different western and eastern bee species that evolved in distinct ecologies and developed specific antennal olfactory systems for their survival. Knowledge of how their antennal olfactory systems function in regards to the success of each respective bee species is scarce. We compared the antennal morphology and proteome between respective sexually mature drones and foraging workers of both species using a scanning electron microscope, two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Despite the general similarities in antennal morphology of the drone and worker bees between the two species, a total of 106 and 100 proteins altered their expression in the drones' and the workers' antennae, respectively. This suggests that the differences in the olfactory function of each respective bee are supported by the change of their proteome. Of the 106 proteins that altered their expression in the drones, 72 (68%) and 34 (32%) were overexpressed in the drones of <i>Aml</i> and <i>Acc</i>, respectively. The antennae of the <i>Aml</i> drones were built up by the highly expressed proteins that were involved in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production, molecular transporters, antioxidation, and fatty acid metabolism in contrast to the <i>Acc</i> drones. This is believed to enhance the antennal olfactory functions of the <i>Aml</i> drones as compared to the <i>Acc</i> drones during their mating flight. Likewise, of the 100 proteins with expression changes between the worker bees of the two species, 67% were expressed in higher levels in the antennae of <i>Aml</i> worker contrasting to 33% in the <i>Acc</i> worker. The overall higher expressions of proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy production, molecular transporters, and antioxidation in the <i>Aml</i> workers compared with the <i>Acc</i> workers indicate the <i>Aml</i> workers require more antennal proteins for their olfactory mechanisms to perform efficient foraging activities than do the <i>Acc</i> worker bees. These data decipher the mechanisms of the western and eastern drone and worker bees acting in response to their different olfactory system in their distinct ecosystem
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