25 research outputs found
An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease
Viral
diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global
beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana
cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee
species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies.
However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral
disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal
infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless,
knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is
still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic
strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers
this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations
between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins
and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral
infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated
in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were
up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected
by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development,
protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were
important for supporting organ generation and tissue development.
Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae
fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first
time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the
viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful
for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention
of this deadly viral disease
An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease
Viral
diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global
beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana
cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee
species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies.
However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral
disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal
infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless,
knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is
still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic
strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers
this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations
between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins
and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral
infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated
in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were
up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected
by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development,
protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were
important for supporting organ generation and tissue development.
Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae
fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first
time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the
viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful
for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention
of this deadly viral disease
An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease
Viral
diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global
beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana
cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee
species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies.
However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral
disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal
infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless,
knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is
still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic
strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers
this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations
between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins
and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral
infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated
in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were
up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected
by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development,
protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were
important for supporting organ generation and tissue development.
Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae
fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first
time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the
viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful
for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention
of this deadly viral disease
An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease
Viral
diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global
beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana
cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee
species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies.
However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral
disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal
infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless,
knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is
still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic
strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers
this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations
between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins
and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral
infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated
in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were
up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected
by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development,
protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were
important for supporting organ generation and tissue development.
Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae
fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first
time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the
viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful
for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention
of this deadly viral disease
Differential Expressions of Nuclear Proteomes between Honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) Queen and Worker Larvae: A Deep Insight into Caste Pathway Decisions
Honeybees (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) possess
individuals
(castes) in their colonies, to which specific tasks are allocated.
Owing to a difference in nutrition, the young female larvae develop
into either a fertile queen or a sterile worker. Despite a series
of investigations on the underlying mechanisms of honeybee caste polyphenism,
information on proteins and enzymes involved in DNA and RNA regulation
in the nucleus is still missing. The techniques of nuclear protein
enrichment, two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and
bioinformatics were applied to understand the nuclear proteome changes
in response to changes in environmental settings (nutrition and time)
during the early developmental stages at the third (72 h), fourth
(96 h), and fifth (120 h) instars of the two caste intended larvae.
A total of 120 differentially expressed nuclear proteins were identified
in both caste intended larvae during these developmental stages. The
third, fourth and fifth instars of queen prospective larvae expressed
69%, 84%, and 68% of the proteins that had altered expression, respectively.
Particularly, the prospective queen larvae up-regulated most of the
proteins with nuclear functions. In general, this changing nuclear
proteome of the two caste intended larvae over the three developmental
stages suggests variations in DNA and RNA regulating proteins and
enzymes. These variations of proteins and enzymes involved in DNA
and RNA regulation in response to differential nutrition between the
two caste intended larvae lead the two caste larvae to pursue different
developmental trajectories. Hence, this first data set of the nuclear
proteome helps us to explore the innermost biological makings of queen
and worker bee castes as early as before the 72 h (3rd instar). Also,
it provides new insights into the honeybee’s polymorphism at
nuclear proteome level and paves new ways to understand mechanisms
of caste decision in other eusocial insects
An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease
Viral
diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global
beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana
cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee
species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies.
However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral
disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal
infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless,
knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is
still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic
strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers
this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations
between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins
and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral
infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated
in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were
up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected
by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development,
protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were
important for supporting organ generation and tissue development.
Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae
fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first
time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the
viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful
for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention
of this deadly viral disease
Proteome Analysis of Hemolymph Changes during the Larval to Pupal Development Stages of Honeybee Workers (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i>)
Hemolymph is vital for the flow and
transportation of nutrients, ions, and hormones in the honey bee and
plays role in innate immune defense. The proteome of the hemolymph
changes over the life of a honey bee, but many of these changes are
not well characterized, including changes during the life cycle transition
from the larval to pupal stages of workers. We used two-dimensional
gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and Western
blot to analyze the proteome changes of the honeybee hemolymph during
the transition from newly hatched larvae to five-day-old pupae. Of
the 49 nonredundant proteins that changed in abundance (identified
by 80 protein spots), 29 (59.2%) and 20 (40.8%) were strongly expressed
in the larvae and the pupae, respectively. The larval hemolymph had
high expressions of major royal jelly proteins and proteins related
to metabolism of carbohydrates and energy, folding activities, development,
and the cytoskeleton and antioxidant systems. Proteins involved in
food storage and the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids were
abundantly expressed during the late larval to pupal development stages.
The proteins expressed by the young larvae are used to enhance their
development process and as a temporal innate immune protection mechanism
until they gain immunity with age development. The pupae use more
energy storage related proteins as they prepare for their non-diet-driven
pupation. Our data provide new evidence that changes in the hemolymph
at the proteome level match the processes during life transitions
in the honeybee
Proteome Analysis of Hemolymph Changes during the Larval to Pupal Development Stages of Honeybee Workers (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i>)
Hemolymph is vital for the flow and
transportation of nutrients, ions, and hormones in the honey bee and
plays role in innate immune defense. The proteome of the hemolymph
changes over the life of a honey bee, but many of these changes are
not well characterized, including changes during the life cycle transition
from the larval to pupal stages of workers. We used two-dimensional
gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and Western
blot to analyze the proteome changes of the honeybee hemolymph during
the transition from newly hatched larvae to five-day-old pupae. Of
the 49 nonredundant proteins that changed in abundance (identified
by 80 protein spots), 29 (59.2%) and 20 (40.8%) were strongly expressed
in the larvae and the pupae, respectively. The larval hemolymph had
high expressions of major royal jelly proteins and proteins related
to metabolism of carbohydrates and energy, folding activities, development,
and the cytoskeleton and antioxidant systems. Proteins involved in
food storage and the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids were
abundantly expressed during the late larval to pupal development stages.
The proteins expressed by the young larvae are used to enhance their
development process and as a temporal innate immune protection mechanism
until they gain immunity with age development. The pupae use more
energy storage related proteins as they prepare for their non-diet-driven
pupation. Our data provide new evidence that changes in the hemolymph
at the proteome level match the processes during life transitions
in the honeybee
Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation Networks in the Hypopharyngeal Gland of Honeybee Workers (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i>)
The hypopharyngeal gland (HG) in
honeybee workers changes functions
according to physiological age in the bee colony from producing royal
jelly (RJ) in nurse bees to digestive enzymes in foragers. The same
set of secretory cells expresses different genes or proteins to create
these age-dependent changes; however, it is unknown precisely how
the phosphorylation network regulates physiological differences across
the development of the adult worker HG. We employed high-accuracy
mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to survey phosphoproteome changes
in the newly emerged, nurse, and forager bees. Overall, 941, 1322,
and 1196 phosphorylation sites matching 1007, 1353, and 1199 phosphopeptides
from 549, 720, and 698 phosphoproteins were identified in the three
ages of the HG, respectively. Specialized, interconnected phosphorylation
networks within each age were found by comparing protein abundance
and phosphorylation levels. This illustrates that many proteins are
regulated by phosphorylation independent of their expression levels.
Furthermore, proteins in key biological processes and pathways were
dynamically phosphorylated with age development, including the centrosome
cycle, mitotic spindle elongation, macromolecular complex disassembly,
and ribosome, indicating that phosphorylation tunes protein activity
to optimize cellular behavior of the HG over time. Moreover, complementary
protein and phosphoprotein expression is required to support the unique
physiology of secretory activity in the HG. This reported data set
of the honeybee phosphoproteome significantly improves our understanding
of a range of regulatory mechanisms controlling a variety of cellular
processes and will serve as a valuable resource for those studying
the honeybee and other insects
Western Honeybee Drones and Workers (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica)</i> Have Different Olfactory Mechanisms than Eastern Honeybees (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>)
The honeybees <i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i> (<i>Aml</i>) and <i>Apis cerana cerana</i> (<i>Acc</i>) are two different western and eastern bee species that
evolved
in distinct ecologies and developed specific antennal olfactory systems
for their survival. Knowledge of how their antennal olfactory systems
function in regards to the success of each respective bee species
is scarce. We compared the antennal morphology and proteome between
respective sexually mature drones and foraging workers of both species
using a scanning electron microscope, two-dimensional electrophoresis,
mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and quantitative real-time polymerase
chain reaction. Despite the general similarities in antennal morphology
of the drone and worker bees between the two species, a total of 106
and 100 proteins altered their expression in the drones' and the workers'
antennae, respectively. This suggests that the differences in the
olfactory function of each respective bee are supported by the change
of their proteome. Of the 106 proteins that altered their expression
in the drones, 72 (68%) and 34 (32%) were overexpressed in the drones
of <i>Aml</i> and <i>Acc</i>, respectively. The
antennae of the <i>Aml</i> drones were built up by the highly
expressed proteins that were involved in carbohydrate metabolism and
energy production, molecular transporters, antioxidation, and fatty
acid metabolism in contrast to the <i>Acc</i> drones. This
is believed to enhance the antennal olfactory functions of the <i>Aml</i> drones as compared to the <i>Acc</i> drones
during their mating flight. Likewise, of the 100 proteins with expression
changes between the worker bees of the two species, 67% were expressed
in higher levels in the antennae of <i>Aml</i> worker contrasting
to 33% in the <i>Acc</i> worker. The overall higher expressions
of proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy production,
molecular transporters, and antioxidation in the <i>Aml</i> workers compared with the <i>Acc</i> workers indicate
the <i>Aml</i> workers require more antennal proteins for
their olfactory mechanisms to perform efficient foraging activities
than do the <i>Acc</i> worker bees. These data decipher
the mechanisms of the western and eastern drone and worker bees acting
in response to their different olfactory system in their distinct
ecosystem