Optimization and Modeling of Lithium Recovery as Lithium Carbonate from Oxalic Acid Leachate of Black Mass

Lithium er et svært ettertraktet element med anvendelser i ulike industrier, inkludert batterier og mange andre. Batterier st˚ar for den største andelen av det totale litiummarkedet. Den n˚aværende globale etterspørselen etter litium øker stadig. Denne økende etterspørselen og ujevn fordeling av litium p˚a tvers av ulike demografiske soner kan muligens avhjelpes ved ˚a resirkulere litium-ion-batterier (LIBs). For ˚a bidra til denne resirkuleringsprosessen fokuserer denne studien p˚a gjenvinning av litium som litiumkarbonat (Li2CO3) fra oksalsyreuttrekk fra svart masse. De primære m˚alene var ˚a optimalisere prosessen for fjerning av urenheter gjennom utfelling med sulfider, optimalisere Li2CO3-fellingsprosessen, og utvikle en prediktiv modell for gjenvinning av Li2CO3. Fjerning av urenheter ble optimalisert med et molarforhold p˚a 3 (Na2S til urene metaller) og en reaksjonstid p˚a 10 minutter ved en start-pH p˚a 7. Dette oppn˚adde fullstendig fjerning av Fe, Cu og Co, samtidig som 92% av Ni, 72% av Mn og 80% av Al ble fjernet. Optimaliseringen av Li2CO3-fellingen ble gjennomført, og de beste driftsbetingelsene for maksimal Li2CO3-gjenvinning ble funnet ved en temperatur p˚a 85◦C, en startkonsentrasjon av litium p˚a 10 g/L, pH 9,5, en tilsetningsmengde p˚a 20 g/L, en blandehastighet p˚a 150 rpm, og en reaksjonstid p˚a 4 timer med et molarforhold p˚a 2 (CO2- 3 til Li+). Under disse forholdene ble en gjenvinningsrate av litiumkarbonat p˚a 73,04% oppn˚add. Det ble ogs˚a funnet at av alle faktorene har startkonsentrasjon av litium og temperatur størst innflytelse p˚a gjenvinningsraten for litiumkarbonat. Videre ble det utviklet en prediktiv modell for gjenvinning av Li2CO3, som viste et avvik p˚a 15% fra eksperimentelle verdier, noe som indikerer dens p˚alitelighet for prosessprediksjoner. Funnene i denne studien gir en levedyktig metode for gjenvinning av litium fra svart masse, med potensielle anvendelser i industrielle sammenhenger.Lithium is a highly sought-after element with applications in various industries including batteries and many others. Batteries consume the most share of the total lithium market. The current global demand for lithium is increasing constantly. This increasing demand and uneven distribution of lithium across different demographic zones can possibly be mitigated by recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To contribute to this recycling journey of lithium-ion batteries, this study focuses on the recovery of lithium as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) from oxalic acid leachate derived from black mass. The primary objectives were to optimize the impurity removal process through sulfide precipitation, optimize the Li2CO3 precipitation process, and develop a predictive model for Li2CO3 recovery. The impurity removal was optimized at a molar ratio of 3 (Na2S to impure metals) and a reaction time of 10 minutes at an initial pH of 7, achieving complete removal of Fe, Cu, and Co, while removing 92% of Ni, 72% of Mn, and 80% of Al. The optimization of Li2CO3 precipitation was conducted and the best operating condition for maximum Li2CO3 recovery was found at a temperature of 85◦C, an initial lithium concentration of 10 g/L, pH 9.5, a seeding dose of 20 g/L, a mixing rate of 150 rpm, and a reaction time of 4 hours with a molar ratio of 2 (CO2− 3 to Li+). Under these conditions, a lithium carbonate recovery rate of 73.04% was achieved. It was also found that out of all the factors initial lithium concentration and temperature have the most influence on the lithium carbonate recovery rate. Furthermore, a predictive model for Li2CO3 recovery was developed, showing a 15% deviation from experimental values, indicating its reliability for process predictions. The findings of this study provide a viable method for lithium recovery from black mass, with potential applications in industrial settings

Tibial Shaft Fractures: A Biomechanical and Clinical Approach

Among the problems associated with the use of tibial functional bracing for the management of tibial shaft fractures, are post-fracture ankle stiffness and the duration of immobilisation. This study was undertaken to investigate in detail these two problems. It involved the design and assessment of a new type of brace called the 2 in 1 functional brace. The study was designed in 3 parts. Part 1 deals with the problem of clarifying the biomechanical function of the brace. It led to the development of a method for estimating the three dimensional forces and moments carried by the limb-brace complex at the level of the fracture. For this five volunteer patients, treated with a 2 in 1 brace for tibial shaft fractures, were each tested on 3 separate occasions. This study led to the conclusion that the brace is neither an off-loading, nor an anti-buckling device, but functions with a combination of these two mechanisms. The data also highlighted the importance of the removable "foot-piece" in the design of the brace for optimum healing of tibial fractures. The information obtained allowed rationalisation of the new design. Part 2 of the study concentrated on the problem of determining the optimum duration of immobilisation in the brace. A non-invasive method of assessing healing by measurement of fracture stiffness was developed. This method gave encouraging results and it was decided to computerise the system. The efficacy of the system was assessed clinically in a trial on 10 patients. The results were encouraging and it is recommended that the system be tested in a larger controlled trial, before its routine use. Part 3 of the study tested the new design of brace in a clinical trial on 80 patients. The trial was conducted to test the efficacy of the design in a clinical environment and to assess its effect on the stiffness of the ankle and sub-talar joints following fracture healing. The brace gave good clinical results with a mean healing time of 97.5 days in the series. The ranges of lower limb joint motion were found to be near normal at a mean follow-up of 16 months, indicating the success of the design in decreasing the incidence of post-fracture ankle and sub-talar joint stiffness. The conclusions from the study suggest that a controlled trial is justified to compare the efficacy of the "2 in 1 brace" against other methods of managing tibial shaft fractures. The data from this series showed that the nature (simple or open) of the fracture, axial stability of the fracture, fracture fragment apposition, treatment modality and time of brace application did affect the outcome of fracture healing

Reclamation of Degraded Land through Agroforestry Introduction in Bangladesh

The challenge is now daunting how feed more than six billion people (nearly 16 billion by 2020) even as key resources become scarcer. Almost 25% of the world’s land area is degrading and about two billion people directly depend on degraded areas. In china more than 400 million are affected by land degradation. Particular references show that land degradation is a vital problem in Bangladesh and as a great threat of agricultural productivity. A land use system called Agroforestry is being popular in many countries around the world to protect the land from various level of land degradation. Studies from different dimensions show that agroforestry can check soil erosion to some extent, reduce salinity, alkalinity, acidity, desertification’s and increase soil fertility level. I also improve soil healths which keep land suitable for agricultural production. This passage mainly focuses on the land degradation situation in Bangladesh and potentialities of agroforestry on the basis of various reviews. Keywords: Agroforestry System, Land Degradation, Deforestatio

Chemical, colour and strength changes of hot oil treatment process on 15-year-old cultivated acacia hybrid

The chemical, color and strength properties of thermally modified cultivated 15-year-old Acacia hybrid were investigated. Logs of A. hybrid were harvested and cut at the bottom, middle and top sections. The wood later underwent hot oil thermal modification using palm oil at temperatures 180, 200 and 220ºC for 30,60 and 90 min. Untreated wood was used as control. The hot oil thermal modification process caused some features changed in the chemical composition, color appearances and strength properties of A. hybrid wood. Parameters such as temperatures and treatment time were closely monitored as they influence the chemical, color and strength changes in the treated wood. Temperatures of 180, 200 and 220ºC, and treatment time of 1,2 and 3 h. were used in the study. The degradation in holocellulose, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents was recognized when acacia woods were exposed to oil thermally modified process. Holocellulose and cellulose degraded with the increasing of treatment temperature and duration of heating exposure, while lignin showed the increment in content through this treatment. The color changes in the sapwood and heartwood were measured using the Minolta Chroma-meter CR-310 and the results are presented according to the CIE L* a*b* color co-ordinates system. The results show that temperature at certain treatment time enhanced and darkened the treated wood. The color of the treated sapwood can be enhanced to match the color of the natural. A hybrid heartwood. The strength properties of the oil heat treated A. hybrid wood decreases in values of both MOR and MOE throughout the treatment process. The decreases in values were influenced by temperature and duration of the treatmen

Anatomical properties and microstructures features of four cultivated bamboo gigantochloa species

Anatomical properties and microstructure features of four (4) cultivated species of popular tropical bamboo genus Gigantochloa were studied. Gigantochloa brang, G. levis, G. scotechinii and G. wrayi of age-group 3 were selected, harvested and processed for the anatomical and microstructure studies. The studies focussed mainly on the vascular bundles and fiber cells located at the internodes and nodes 8 at the outer, middle and inner layers of the bamboo. The sizes of the vascular bundles length, vascular bundles width, fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumens diameter, fiber walls thickness and fiber Runkle’s ratio were measured between each of the species in relation to the samples positions at the internodes, nodes, and positions in the cross-section of the bamboo culms. The results in the fibers morphology studies showed that the fibers for each species has different lengths, diameters, cell walls thickness and lumen sizes. The size of vascular bundle is smaller at outer position and become bigger at the inner position. All the four (4) bamboo species exhibited similar in characteristics but having different sizes in anatomy and microstructure features

Synthesis and Biological Effectiveness of Some new Azo Compounds as Derivatives of Nitrogen Bases

In this study the new azo compounds (3compounds) for nitrogen bases (Adenine and Cytosine) are synthesized through two reaction steps (formation of diazonium salt and coupling reaction). The compounds have been characterized by FTIR, melting point, and ultra-violate (UV) spectra. All synthesized compounds have been estimated in vitro for their antimicrobial activities against two species of bacteria(E.coli, S.aureus)and one kind of fungi ( Aspergillus flavus) .The results show that these compounds have very good antibacterial and antifungal activities especially compounds 1 and 3.To study the effect of these compounds were making some physiological tests on rats are made ,the results of hematological study showed decreasing level of total hemoglobin concentration in all treatment groups specially in group (1).The values of Packed in cell volume (P.C.V) are within normal blood range of rats . Total leucocytes count (W.B.C) decrease in all groups

Anatomical and microstructures features of tropical bamboo Gigantochloa brang, G. levis, G. scotechinii and G. wrayi.

Anatomical and microstructure studies on four of cultivated tropical bamboo species of genus Gigantochloa were studied. Gigantochloa brang, G. levis, G. scotechinii and G. wrayi of age-group 3 were selected, harvested and processed for use in the studies. The studies focussed mainly on the vascular bundles and fibers located at the internodes and nodes at the outer, middle and inner sections of the bamboo culm wall. The sizes of the vascular bundles length, vascular bundles width, fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumens diameter, fiber walls thickness and fiber Runkle's ratio were measured between each of the species in relation to the samples positions at the internodes, nodes, and positions in the cross-section of the bamboo culms. The results in the fibers morphology studies showed that the fibers for each species have different lengths, diameters, cell walls thickness and lumen sizes. The size of vascular bundle is smaller at outer position and becomes bigger at the inner position. All the four (4) bamboo species exhibited similar in characteristics but their anatomical features and microstructures were different. Introduction Bamboo has been the focus of research and development in recent years. Bamboos are considered to be among the fastest growing plant on earth. This makes them the best possible alternative to replace timber as a source of cellulose in the future. Research and development which covers all aspects in silviculture, propagation, processing, properties and utilization of bamboo found naturally growing wild in the forest and cultivated has been intensified. However, study on cultivated bamboo stands has so far mostly confined to selected species in silviculture and fertilizers application to enhance growing (Azmy et al. 2007). Information on the properties such as anatomical and structural properties of various bamboo species is rather limited. The anatomy and physical properties of bamboo culms have been known to have significant effects on their durability and strength (Liese, 1985; Latif & Tamizi, 1993; Razak, 1998). Studies on the anatomical and physical properties of cultivated Bambusa vulgaris conducted by Razak et al. (2010) support this statement. Information generated on the anatomical properties of bamboo can be used to determine their possible proper utilization. Currently, bamboo used for making traditional products such as handicraft, basketry, and high-value added products of panels, parquets, furniture and construction materials. Gigantochloa species of bamboo are among the most popular tropical bamboo species for plantation. These bamboo are easily cultivated and possess thick culms wall, and having uniform sizes between the nodes and internodes. This makes them suitable as materials for industrial usage