Obstetric and Gynecologic Departments, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Bali-Indonesia

The high risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) have already known widely and accepted as a causative agent for cervical cancer. Epidemiologically, predominant high-risk is HPV-16 and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) is the most common histological type. HPV genotype probably correlates to histologic type. This study aims to determine how many fold is the risk of SCC on HPV-16 infection. This is a case control with SCC HPV-16 positive as the cases and SCC HPV-16 negative as the controls. Tissues diagnosed as SCC and non SCC was paraffin-embedded. SPF-10 and specific E7-primer types by LiPA were employed for genotyping of HPV-16. c2 was applied to analyze the correlation. A number of 65 SCC consisted of 33 cases and 32 controls were observed in this study. The risk of SCC on HPV-16 infection was 3.40-fold (95% CI = 1.44-8.03; p = 0.004) compare with HPV-16 negative. Controls in this study consist of 18 (27.69%) of HPV-18, 9 (13.85%) of HPV-52, and 5 (7.69%) of other HPV types. The mean-age of case group and control group infected by HPV were 52.28 ± 12.43 and 47.70 ± 8.02 year, respectively (p = 0.02). HPV-16 infection caused SCC is 3.5 more than other high risk group

High Interleukin-6, Low Cd4+ and Cd8+ T-lymphocytes Expressions as Risk Factors of Cervical Carsinoma Infected by Human Papilloma Virus Type-52

In Indonesia cervical carcinoma is the most common cancer in women and one of the leading cause of mortality. High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major risk factor of cervical cancer. This study aims to know the role of IL-6, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte for the risk of cervical carcinoma infected by HPV52. This study was a case control study, specimens of cervical carcinoma patients infected by HPV type-52 as the case group and HPV type-16 or 18 as the control group. HPV genotyping used SPF10 primer and type specific E7 primer by LiPA. Immunohistochemistry method was used to know expression of IL-6, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte. Pearson's c2 test was applied with statistical significance was set at the 2-sided 0.05 level. The odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the risk, with 95% confidence intervals on SPSS 16.0 for windows. PCR examination was performed in 185 paraffin-embedded tissue. The risk of high IL-6 expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type-52 was statistically significant 6-fold higher compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.13-31.99; p = 0.03; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.13-31.99; p = 0.03; p < 0.05). The risk of low CD4+ T lymphocyte expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52 was statistically significant 6-fold higher and 7.43-fold higher respectively compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.003-35.91; p = 0.04; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 7.43 ; CI 95% = 1.23-45.01; p = 0.02; p < 0.05). The risk of low CD8+ T lymphocyte expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52 was statistically significant 13.5-fold higher and 11-fold higher respectively compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 13.50 ; CI 95% = 1.42-128.26; p = 0.01; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 11.00 ; CI 95% = 1.16-103.94; p = 0.02; p < 0.05). No significance different between cases and controls group in mean-age, parity and sexual activity (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study found that high IL-6 expression, low CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte expression were the risk factors of cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52

Metode Pemantau Posisi Dan Arah Gerak Helikopter Tanpa Awak Dengan Google Maps API

Makalah ini membahas metode pemantau posisi dan arah gerak helikopter tanpa awak dengan bantuan layanan Google Maps API dan sensor GPS. Sinyal yang dihasilkan oleh GPS berupa data posisi dalam koordinat lintang dan bujur. Arah gerak helikopter diperoleh dari modul GPS dengan mengkalkulasi data riwayat posisi. Sinyal dari GPS selanjutnya dipancarkan oleh modem radio di helikopter dan diterima oleh modem radio di komputer. Data kemudian diolah oleh program aplikasi yang dibuat dengan Visual Basic 6. Data hasil olahan digunakan oleh program javascript untuk menampilkan posisi dan arah gerak helikopter ke dalam peta yang diperoleh dari layanan Google Maps API. Sebagai hasil akhir, pengguna dapat melihat posisi dan arah gerak helikopter pada browser seperti Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome maupun browser lain yang mendukung HTML5. Kecepatan pembaharuan data posisi pada jaringan lokal dapat mencapai duapuluh data perdetik atau 20 Hz. Kemampuan ini sangat lebih dari cukup mengingat kemampuan akusisi sensor GPS komersial yang paling mutakhir hanya berkisar antara 5-10 Hz. Dengan menggunakan metode ini data GPS dapat diproses tanpa ada data yang terlewat

Perancangan Pipa Pesat, Dan Daya Keluaran Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air Kokok Putih Desa Bilok Petung Kecamatan Sembalun Kabupaten Lombok Timur.

Inconsequent of decreasing fossil energy, It is necessary to developing an alternative energy source. One of the alternative energy that can be developing in Indonesia especially at Bilok Petung village, district of Sembalun, East Lombok Regency is water power station. This design is to review power station plan in Koko Putih that will have finished. Inputs in this design are flow rate and head which are available in Koko Putih. From this design, it is obtained that the inside penstock diameter  987 mm and the thickness  penstock in head 286.72 m is 15.15 mm, penstock material is carbon steel with specification ASTM A252 Grade 2. Head effective of Koko Putih water power plan is 249.603 m. Output power of turbine is 3.9 MW and output power of generator is 3,6 MW

Implementasi Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah di Universitas Negeri YOGYAKARTA

: The Implementation of Government Internal Control System in Yogyakarta State University. The aim of this research is to have empirical evidence about the implementation of government internal control system including control environment, risk assessment, control activity, information and communication, and monitoring in Yogyakarta State University (YSU). The population used in this research is YSU employees; while the sample is employees working in the head office. There are 146 employees chosen as the research sample. The research shows that the implementation of Government Internal Control System in YSU runs well

The mechanical effect of extracorporeal irradiation on bone

Extracorporeal irradiation and re-implantation of a bone segment is a technique employed in bone sarcoma surgery for limb salvage in the setting of reasonable bone stock. There is neither consensus nor rationale given for the dosage of irradiation used in previous studies, with values of up to 300Gy applied. We investigated the influence of extracorporeal irradiation on the elastic and viscoelastic properties of bone. Bone specimens were extracted from mature cattle and subdivided into thirteen groups; twelve groups exposed to increasing levels of irradiation and a control group. The specimens, once irradiated, underwent mechanical testing in saline at 37˚C. Mechanical properties were calculated by experimental means which included Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, Dissipation Factor, Storage Modulus, Loss Modulus and Dynamic Modulus. These were all obtained for comparison of the irradiated specimens to the control group. We found that the overall effect of increasing irradiation doses up to 300Gy seems to present negligible change, albeit negative, on the behavior of bone. However, the increase in Poisson’s ratio following extracorporeal irradiation treatment was statistically significant. Therefore, it is concluded that the overall mechanical effect of high levels of extracorporeal irradiation (300Gy) is minute, and could be administered to reduce the risk of malignancy recurrence

Are We Passing on Violence to the Next Generation?: Gender Norms and Gender-based Violence Attitudes among Early Adolescents in Indonesia

Intensification of gender norms during puberty affects adolescents’ perceptions and behavior related to violence. This study examined the association between gender norms and gender-based violence (GBV) among early adolescents considering socio-ecological variables using cross-sectional data from 3,618 Indonesian Global Early Adolescent Study pupils. Chi square tests with simple and multiple logistic regression analyses examined how different factors' levels predict GBV. Among boys, GBV attitudes were found high (53%). Furthermore, they also had high heteronormative expectations, threatened feelings, experiences of violence, porn access, and 5+ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Logistic regression results revealed that adolescent boys having one or two scores of gender norms at the above-median are 1.3 times more likely to commit GBV and even 2.2 times higher if all were above median [AOR (CI) = 1.3(1.1-1.6); 2.2 (1.7 2.8)], respectively. Boys, having 5+ ACEs, and stronger endorsement on heteronormative relationships were also more likely to commit GBV [AOR (CI) = 1.5 (1.3-1.7); 1.5 (1.2-1.9); 1.5 (1.3-1.7)], respectively. This research concluded that unequal gender norms intensified during puberty strongly correlate to attitudes towards GBV among early adolescents. Strengthening the individual aspects by providing a more conducive environment, such as comprehensive sexual education at school, is essential to prevent GBV

Pengaruh Kadar Aspal Efektif dan Tebal Selimut Aspal Terhadap Proporsi Rongga pada Campuran Laston: Influence of Effective Asphalt Content and Film Thickness on Voids Proportion of Asphalt Concrete

In the mixing process between asphalt and aggregate, absorption of asphalt by the aggregate occurs through the pores of the aggregate. The volume of asphalt not absorbed by the aggregate can be defined as effective asphalt content which determines the percentage of airspaces in the compacted mix. The proportion of voids formed in the mixture contributes to the durability of the mixture against temperature and climate conditions. This study aims to examine the effect of effective asphalt content and the asphalt film thickness on the voids proportion in asphalt mixture. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the particle size distribution of the aggregate affects the total surface area of the aggregate in the mixture and the pores of the aggregate affect the effective percent of asphalt content. Aggregate with a small grain size produced a larger total surface area of aggregate. Meanwhile the use of aggregate with small pores produced a higher effective percent of asphalt content. The higher the effective asphalt content and the asphalt film thickness, the larger the voids in mineral aggregate and the voids filled with bitumen. In contrast, the voids in the mixture decreases with increase the effective asphalt content and the asphalt film thickness. In all the voids proportions analyzed, the effective asphalt content and the asphalt film thickness have a very significant effect