Data_Sheet_1_Self-rating via video communication in children with disability – a feasibility study.pdf

BackgroundDifferent barriers may hinder children with developmental disabilities (DD) from having a voice in research and clinical interventions concerning fundamentally subjective phenomena, such as participation. It is not well-investigated if video communication tools have the potential to reduce these barriers.AimThis study investigated the feasibility of administering a self-rating instrument measuring participation, Picture My Participation (PmP), via a video communication tool (Zoom), to children with DD.Materials and methodsPmP was administered to 17 children with DD (mean age 13 years). The pictorial representations of activities and response options in PmP were displayed in a shared PowerPoint presentation, enabling nonverbal responses with the annotate function in Zoom. Child and interviewer perceptions of the interview were measured through questionnaires developed for the purpose.ResultsAll the children completed the interview. Most PmP questions were answered, and no adverse events were registered. Technical issues could generally be solved. No special training or expensive equipment was needed for the interviews.ConclusionInterviewer-guided self-ratings of participation and related constructs through video communication may be a feasible procedure to use with children with DD from age 11.SignificanceOffering video communication may increase children’s chances to contribute subjective experiences in research and clinical practice.</p

EDS data given in wt%.

<p>The presented measurements have been selected since they represent typical compositions of the various analyzed structures.</p><p>EDS data given in wt%.</p

EPR spectra of the todorokite.

<p>EPR spectra of the todorokite.</p

Fungal mycelium and botryoidal Mn oxides in a vug.

<p>(A) Optical microphotograph of a vug in basalt lined with a fossilized biofilm of montmorillonite from which fungal hyphae protrude to form a mycelium. Black patches are botryoidal Mn oxides. (B) ESEM image of a vug lined with fossilized biofilm from which hyphae protrude forming a mycelium. Closely associated with the mycelium are black patches of botryoidal Mn oxides. (C) ESEM image of botryoidal Mn oxides. Black arrow show the border of the Mn oxide, note the change in grayscale between the Mn oxide and the underlying montmorillonite. (D, E) ESEM images showing botryoids on the basal parts of hyphae (white arrow). Legend: bf, biofilm; my, mycelium; bmo, botryoidal Mn oxide; hy, hyphae.</p

Raman spectrum of the botryoids.

<p>Raman spectrum (black) of the botryoidal structure identified as todorokite after comparison with RRUFF reference spectra of manganese dioxides from Downs (2006).</p

EPR spectra for abiotic Mn oxide.

<p>EPR spectra for abiotic Mn oxide.</p

Raman spectrum of the fossilized biofilm.

<p>Raman spectrum (black) of the material that has fossilized the biofilm and hyphae is identified as Fe-rich smectite of the montmorillonite-nontronite series after comparison with RRUFF reference spectra [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0128863#pone.0128863.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>]. The obtained bands are close to those of nontronite (reference spectrum in red), but exhibit small differences in peak positions. The spectrum is complex and an alternative interpretation is that the material is montmorillonite (reference spectrum in blue) and that the spectrum is influenced by the presence of small amounts of FeOOH, probably lepidocrocite (reference spectrum in green).</p

Cross sections through botryoidal Mn oxides and related sporophores.

<p>(A) Optical microphotograph of a vug with cross section through a botryoidal structure. (B) Magnified and focused part of A showing the cross section of the botryoidal Mn oxide with vague layering at the margin and sporophore-like structures on top. Black mineralized feeder veins are seen underneath the botryoidal structure. White arrows show Mn oxides formed underneath the fossilized biofilm. (C) ESEM image of a cross section through a botryoidal structure showing vague layering at the top margin and sporophores formed as separate cells stacked on each other. (D) ESEM image of a cross section through a botryoidal structure and the distribution of sporophores on its top. (E) Detailed ESEM image of D showing sporophores both made up of separate cells and terminal swelling. (F) ESEM image showing sporophores made up of separate cells and with terminal swelling. Legend: sp, sporophore; spc, sporophore with separate cells on top of each other; spts, sporophores with terminal swelling; la, layering; fv, feeder veins.</p

Illustration of the successive colonization and mineralization in the fracture system.

<p>(A) Colonization of the microstromatolites on the basalt. (B) Colonization of the fungal biofilm with yeast cells and hyphae, and subsequent overgrowth of the microstromatolites. (C) Partial zeolite overgrowth of the fungal community. (D) Hyphal growth outside and inside of the zeolite crystals. Fungal hyphae bore tunnel-like structures through the zeolite until they reach the mineral surface. At the zeolite surface, hyphae branch, creeps along the surface, occasionally touching it with short branches.</p

ESEM (A–D) (SMNH X5339) and SRXTM (E) (SMNH X5340) images of fungi influencing the mineral surface.

<p>(A) The influence of both yeast and hyphae on the mineral surface leaving negative pits. (B) The contact between two protruding hyphae and the zeolite surface. Note the rough and irregular texture of the mineral surface at contact compared to the normally smooth surfaces. (C) Hyphae protruding angularly and creeping along the mineral surface. (D) Hyphae creep along the mineral surface and their influence on the zeolite surface at contact. (E) Stereo anaglyph of an assemblage of cells within a zeolite crystal.</p