Ressenyes

Index de les obres ressenyades: V. BERDOULAY, La formation de l'école française de géographie (1870-1914

Contextualització i anàlisi de les eleccions del 18 de novembre de 1990 a la R.S. de Bòsnia i Hercegovina

Descripció del recurs: el 30-11-2009La tesi que aquí es presenta és una anàlisi tant del context històric on es desenvoluparen les eleccions de 1990 a Bòsnia i Hercegovina, com dels resultats que en sortiren, basada sobretot en fonts locals, tant primàries com secundàries. També conté una forta base documental inèdita de material primari i secundari traduïda del serbo-croato-bosni. Les eleccions del 18 de novembre de 1990 representen la fi d'un llarg procés històric que començà amb l'acabament de la 2a Guerra Mundial i la instauració del regim titoista el 1945 per mitjà d'eleccions generals. Al llarg de tot aquest període hi ha un intent, per part del partit únic de la Lliga dels Comunistes Iugoslaus (SKJ), de desenvolupar un projecte d'estat federal iugoslau basat en el lema "fraternitat i unitat" (bratsvo i jedinstvo) que reunís tots els pobles que l'integraven. L'última constitució (1974) comportà una descentralització, tant econòmica com política, ratllant la confederació. El 1980 mor el mariscal Josip Broz, Tito. La crisi econòmica que ja s'arrossegava, surt a la llum i s'agreuja al llarg de la dècada dels anys vuitanta, repercutint en la política i portant a un enfrontament entre el sector continuista que volia portar la constitució a la confederació (Eslovènia) i el sector reformista que volia un canvi constitucional vers un model centralista (Sèrbia). Així s'arriba al XIV Congrés Extraordinari de la SKJ en un últim intent per solucionar la situació, però el seu fracàs i suspensió sine die, va comportar l'obertura d'un seguit de reformes constitucionals a cada república iugoslava, per a la posta en marxa de processos electorals lliures i multipartidistes. A Bòsnia i Hercegovina va ser més complicat que a la resta donada la seva composició multinacional. El juliol s'acordà la data electoral per al 18 de novembre. S'escolliria una presidència col·lectiva de 7 membres, un parlament bicameral, el parlament de la ciutat de Sarajevo i els 109 parlaments d'optina (comarca). Els resultats que s'obtingueren tots foren favorables, per àmplia majoria, als tres partits nacionalistes representants de les tres nacionalitats majoritàries a la república: SDA (musulmans), SDS (serbis) i HDZ (croates). Aquests no eren els previstos per les enquestes. Una anàlisi detallada demostra que diferents factors influïren en la intenció de vot, en especial tres: la composició nacional de cada població, una política postitoista dirigida a afeblir la sòlida cúpula de la SKJ de Bòsnia i que es concretà en una sèrie d'afers que acabaren en processos judicials, i la desfeta i fragmentació de la SKJ en com a mínim quatre partits (SK-SDP, SRSJ, SSO i DSS). Però a més són el fruit d'una concatenació cronològica de fets que començaren el 1945: la creació de la República Socialista de Bòsnia, però alhora la negació d'un poble bosnià, el fracàs del iugoslavisme que no arrelà en el poble com a identitat; la combinació de la crisi econòmica i la crisi política causada pels afers i que comportà un canvi de líders en els moments més difícils; i per últim les eleccions multipartidistes que obriren, si més no en la teoria, noves perspectives. S'ha d'afegir, a més, el marc mundial fruit de la caiguda del mur de Berlín i la desfeta dels règims comunistes. Les conseqüències no es van fer esperar, la coalició nacionalista fracassà en poc més d'un any. Així les eleccions obriren la porta a la guerra i no pas a la democràcia.This thesis is an analysis of the historic context in which the elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 1990 year, were done and, at the same time the analysis of it results. It's important to know that the principal primary and secondary sources come from former Yugoslavia. Also this study contains a big date base of originals documents, which a lot of them are unpublished, and translated from the Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian language to the Catalan. The 18th November elections represent the end of a long historic process which began at the end of the 2nd world war and the constitution the titoista regime in 1945 through general elections. At large of this period there is a purpose from the party, League of Yugoslavs Communists (SKJ), to develop a Yugoslavian federal state project which was based on the slogan "brotherhood and unity" (bratsvo i jedinstvo) in the idea to gather all the nations who composed Yugoslavia. The last constitution (1974) implicated a decentralisation as economic as political and this situation was very similar than a confederation. In 1980 the marshal Josip Broz, Tito, died. The economic crisis was public thing and aggravated in the next ten years, in the 80's, and at last it reverberated on the policy This situation confronted the continuist sector (Slovenia) against the reformist sector (Serbia). The first would like the total confederation and the second would like the change to the centralist system. In January 1990 took a place the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the SKJ. It was the last try to find a solution but it failure and adjournment sine die opened the possibility to the republics to do reforms in theirs constitutions and to start a free and multiparty electoral process. In Bosnia and Herzegovina it was more complicated than the rest because this republic was multiethnic. In July the Bosnian parliament agreed the date of 18th November how an elections day. At the same day Bosnian people elected the seven members of the collective presidency, the two chambers of the Parliament, the Sarajevo's City Parliament and the 109 Optina's Parliaments. All the results were favourable, and for a long majority, to the nationalist parties who represented the three constitutional nationalities in the republic: SDA (Muslims), SDS (Serbs) and HDZ (Croats). But before the elections the opinion-poll didn't anticipate this victory. The detailed analyse demonstrate that different factors influenced in the electorate, in special three of them: the national composition of every city or village; a postitoist policy who try to weaken the Bosnian political cupola of the SKJ, and created some judicial cases ("afers"); and, at last, the fragmentation of the SKJ in four or more parties. (SK-SDP, SRSJ, SSO i DSS). But these results are anything more. They are the chronological linking of events who started in 1945 year: the birth of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia but at the same time the denial of the Bosnian people; the yugoslavism's failure who never rooted in the people's mentality how a identity; the combination of the economic and political crisis created by the "afers" and they brought about political leaders change in the more difficult moment; and at the end the multiparty elections who opened, in theory, new perspectives. It's necessary to add the world's situation after the Berlin's wall failed and with it the communist regimes in Europe. The consequences of the elections became at few time. The nationalist coalition of the three parties was dissolved in less a year And in April 1992 the elections opened doors for a war not for a democracy

Lucien Febvre : Un mestratge sense hereus? : reflexions entorn les vinculacions d'història i geografia

La science historique a observé un oubli générique envers la géographie. La géographie a toujours été considerée le parent pauvre des sciences sociales. Dans ce sens, l'auteur revendique un plus grand rapprochement et de l'estime mutuelle. Comme exemple de tentative échouée dans ce domaine, est abordée la lecture d'un auteur classique dans les programmes de méthodologie historique et de reflexion géographique: Lucien Febvre (1878-1956). Lucien Febvre a bu directement, dans sa jeunesse, à la source de l'école possibiliste de Vidal de la Blache (à laquelle il donna son nom). Des principes vidaliens ("genre vie", "milieu") il en fit un synthèse particulière qu'il appliqua à son propre domaine: l'histoire. De cette tribune il continuait à clamer pour une élaboration méthodologique propre à la géographie (fait qui lui occasionna des nombreuses critiques de la part de ses "confrères, géographes) et ceci jusqu'à la création, avec Marc Bloch, des Annules en 1929, auxquels il se consacra dès lors. Probablement à cause de celà, les recherches en Géographie Humaine ont méprisé ou oublié l'apport de Lucien Febvre à la Géographie, en particulier son oeuvre La Terre et l'evolution humaine (1922) et d'autres articles contemporains. Ainsi donc, l'article postule une lecture géographique de Lucien Febvre, affirmant, en conclusion, la viabilité de sa tentative reformatrice qui devrait, tout de même, s'adapter aux nécessités méthodologiques actuelles des deux sciences.History has traditionally maintained an attitude of generic disregard for geography, whilst geography, on the other hand, has always been looked upon as the "poor relation" of the social sciences. On this basis, the author calls for a closer relationship and mutual respea between the two disciplines. As an example of an early but fruitless attempt towards this end, the author quotes and interprets the contribution of Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), a "classical", author in the programmes of historical methodology and the history of geographical thought. In his youth, Lucien Febvre acquired direct experience of Vidal de la Blache's French Possibilist school. From his Vidalian beginnings (genre de vie,milieu) Febvre formulated his own synthesis, and applied it to his own field of interest-history. And from that platform, he continuously pleaded for the development of a methodology designed exclusively for geography, a fact which brought him numerous criticisms from geographer companions, until, together with Marc Bloch, he finally founded Annuales in 1929, and to which he dedicated his attention thereafter. It is probably for that reason that human geography scholars have underestimated or disregarded Febvre's contribution to geography, a contribution which can be observed in his work La Terre et l'évolution humaine (1922) and in other coetaneous articles. This article, therefore, proposes a "geographical reading", of Febvre, and acclaims the viability of his attempts at reform, provided adaptations are incorporated in order to satisfy the present methodological requisites of both disciplines.La ciencia histórica ha tenido un olvido genérico hacia la geografía. Además, la geografía ha sido considerada desde siempre como la "hermana pobre" de las ciencias sociales. Así pues, el autor reclama una mayor aproximación y consideración entre arnbas ciencias. Como ejernplo de un intento fracasado en esta línea se aborda la lectura de un "clásico", tanto en los programas de metodología histórica como en los de pensamiento geográfico: Lucien Febvre (1878-1956). En su juventud estuvo expuesto directamente a las enseñanzas de la escuela posibilista francesa de Vidal de la Blache y elaboró una síntesis particular de los principios vidalianos (genre de vie, milieu), aplicándolos a su propio campo de especialización: la historia. Desde esa tribuna seguiría abogando en favor de la consecución de una metodologia propia para la geografía, hecho que le ocasionó algunas críticas de sus "compañeros" geógrafos. Pero en 1929 fundó con Marc Bloch los Annales, tarea a la que se dedicó a partir de entonces. Probablemente por ello los estudiosos de la geografía humana han menospreciado u olvidado la aportación de Febvre a la geografía, aportación que se puede estubar en su obra La Terre et l'évolution humaine (1922) y en otros artículos conternporáneos. Así pues, este artículo postula una "lectura geográfica" de Febvre y llega a la conclusión de que su intento reformador era viable, aunque se debería adaptar a las necesidades metodológicas actuales de ambas ciencias

La recerca lingüística en la TA

La recerca lingüística pot contribuir molt al desenvolupament de la Traducció Automàtica, i al problema fonamental de les divergències en la traducció, amb observacions de fenòmens, amb tècniques i teories que la recerca en TA pot adoptar i combinar amb mètodes estadístics d'anàlisi de corpus.La investigación lingüística puede contribuir mucho al desarrollo de la Traducción Automática, y al problema fundamental de las divergencias en la traducción, con observaciones de fenómenos, con técnicas y teorías que la investigación en TA puede aportar y combinar con métodos estadísticos de análisis de corpus.Linguistic research has a great deal to contribute to the development of machine translation, as well as to the fundamental problem of discrepancies in translation, in the form of observations regarding phenomena, and of techniques and theories which research into MT can adopt and combine with statistical methods for the analysis of corpora

T-cell and NK-cell infiltration into solid tumors: a key limiting factor for efficacious cancer immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapy has great promise, but is limited by diverse mechanisms used by tumors to prevent sustained antitumor immune responses. Tumors disrupt antigen presentation, T/NK-cell activation, and T/NK-cell homing through soluble and cell-surface mediators, the vasculature, and immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. However, many molecular mechanisms preventing the efficacy of antitumor immunity have been identified and can be disrupted by combination immunotherapy. Here, we examine immunosuppressive mechanisms exploited by tumors and provide insights into the therapies under development to overcome them, focusing on lymphocyte traffic

Feeding dendritic cells with tumor antigens: self-service buffet or à la carte?

Adoptive transfer of autologous dendritic cells (DC) presenting tumor-associated antigens initiate and sustain an immune response which eradicate murine malignancies. Based on these observations, several clinical trials are in progress testing safety and efficacy with encouraging preliminary reports. In these approaches, ex vivo incubation of DC with a source of tumor antigens is required to load the relevant antigenic epitopes on the adequate antigen presenting molecules. Recent data show that in some instances exogenous DC artificially injected into malignant tissue or endogenous DC attracted to the tumor nodule by means of gene transfer of GM-CSF and CD40L into malignant cells result in efficacious antitumor immunity. In the case of intratumoral injection of DC the procedure is curative only if DC had been genetically engineered to produce IL-12, IL-6 or to express CD40L. Evidence has been obtained showing that intratumoral DC can capture and process tumor antigens to be presented to T-lymphocytes. Although the exact mechanisms of tumor antigen acquisition by DC are still unclear, available data suggest a role for heat shock proteins released from dying malignant cells and for the internalization of tumor-derived apoptotic bodies. Roles for tumor necrosis versus apoptosis are discussed in light of the 'danger theory'

Aplicación de la termografía en el diagnóstico y valoración de la pododermatitis plantar en rapaces

La pododermatitis plantar es una patología de gran importancia en la clínica aviar. Su diagnóstico precoz es vital para un buen pronóstico. Por ello, se ha estudiado la posibilidad de detectarla mediante termografía, técnica que no necesita contacto con el paciente, reduciendo así el estrés que el manejo supone para la mayoría de animales, especialmente los salvajes. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la termografía permite detectar la pododermatitis plantar antes de la aparición de lesiones, por la mayor diferencia entre las temperaturas máxima y mínima de la planta y por el patrón térmico.Plantar pododermatitis is great important pathology in avian medicine. Its early diagnosis allows a good prognosis. Therefore, the application of thermography to detect bumblefoot has been studied. This technique requires no contact with the patient, reducing the stress, very important in wildlife. Results show thermography is a useful tool for detecting plantar pododermatitis, even before the appearance of lesions, for the major difference between the maximum and minimum temperature of the plant and its thermal pattern

Effective tumor immunotherapy: start the engine, release the brakes, step on the gas pedal,...and get ready to face autoimmunity

Cellular immune responses can destroy cancer cells, achieving the cure of experimental malignancies. An expanding wealth of knowledge on the molecular basis of how to prime and amplify a T cell response has fueled a number of strategies successful at treating established tumors (rather than merely preventing tumor grafting). The most efficacious approaches operate at different stages, including: 1) priming the immune response using tumor antigen-expressing dendritic cells or tumor cells transfected with genes that render them immunogenic, 2) sustaining and amplifying immunity using agonistic monoclonal antibodies against costimulatory molecules or immune-potentiating cytokines, and 3) eliminating mechanisms that self-regulate the strength of the immune response, such as inhibitory receptors or regulatory T cells. A rational combination of such approaches holds great hope for cumulative and synergistic effects, but there is also evidence that they can open the flood-gates for unwanted inflammatory reactions. The next decade can be envisioned as the time when the first reproducibly efficacious combination regimes for cancer immunotherapy will become available and widely used in the clinic, as clinicians learn the best strategies and try to harness their potentially damaging effects

Gene therapy for liver diseases: recent strategies for treatment of viral hepatitis and liver malignancies

Gene therapy has emerged as a powerful and very plastic tool to regulate biological functions in diseased tissues with application in virtually all medical fields. An increasing number of experimental and clinical studies underline the importance of genes as curative agents in the future. However, intense research is needed to evaluate the potential of gene therapy to improve efficacy and minimise the toxicity of the procedure

Intratumoral injection of dendritic cells transduced by an SV40-based vector expressing interleukin-15 induces curative immunity mediated by CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells

Cancer immunotherapy has been extensively attempted by gene transfer of cytokines with viral vectors. In this work, we compared the therapeutic effects of interleukin 12 and 15 (IL-12 and IL-15) genes transferred to tumor cells or to dendritic cells (DCs), which were subsequently injected into established tumors. For this purpose, we used viral vectors based on simian virus 40 (rSV40). Importantly, we observed that nonmatured DCs infected with rSV40 vectors remained phenotypically immature. Infection of CT-26 tumor cells with rSV40 expressing IL-12 (rSVIL-12) or IL-15 (rSVIL-15) failed to inhibit tumor development. In contrast, the intratumoral administration of syngeneic DCs transduced with rSVIL-12 or rSVIL-15 was associated with a strong antitumor response; up to 40% tumor remissions were achieved with DCs transduced by rSVIL-12 and 73% with DCs expressing IL-15. This antitumor effect correlated with the in vivo priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. Depletion studies showed that rSVIL-15-mediated antitumor efficacy was mediated mainly by CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells. We conclude that (i) SV40-derived vectors are an advantageous alternative to transduce genes into DCs and (ii) DCs transferred with IL-15 have an enhanced capability to induce curative antitumor immunity when injected into malignant lesions