Problematika Penyelesaian Sengketa Kewenangan Lembaga Negara Oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi

According to Article 24C verse (1) of the 1945 Constitution, Constitutional court has an authority to examine the dispute among the state institution in which its authority is given by the constitution directly. But there is a certain problem in practice which is related to definition of “state institution” and “authorities are granted the Constitution” in the 1945 Constitution. This condition opens a debate the interpretation in executing the settlement on authority dispute among the institutions. In addition, should be considered the settlement of disputes the authority of institutions, whose authority derived from regulation other than the Constitution Menurut ketentuan Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD NRI Tahun 1945, penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara yang kewenangannya diberikan oleh UUD merupakan kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Namun dalam praktiknya, proses penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara menghadapi problem tersendiri seiring tidak adanya batasan ruang lingkup dan definisi “lembaga negara” dan frasa “kewenangannya diberikan UUD” secara pasti dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Situasi ini pada akhirnya menimbulkan multitafsir yang berpotensi mengakibatkan tidak efektifnya penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara di Indonesia. Selain itu, perlu dipikirkan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga yang kewenangannya bersumber dari peraturan selain UUD

Osteonecrosis of the Jaw After Bisphosphonates Treatment in Patients with Multiple Myeloma

Bone lytic lesion in Multiple myeloma are the most commonly presented symptoms which require treatment with bisphosphonates (BPs). BPs are providing supportive care, reducing the rate of skeletal morbidity but evidently not abolishing it, the criteria for stopping their administration have to be different from those used for classic antineoplastic drugs, and they should not be stopped when metastatic bone disease is progressing. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has been associated recently with the use of BPs. The aim of these study is to evaluate the incidence of ONJ in patients with MM treated with mixed biphosphonates. We analyzed total 296 myeloma patients (150 male and 146 female). Mostly effected age group with 58,1% is age more than 60 years up to 88 years, diagnosed in our institution in the period 2005-2015. We used intravenous or oral forms of biphosphonates such as pamidronate, ibandronate, clodronate and zolendronic acid. The patients were evaluated for ONJ. The incidence of ONJ in our group of patients treated with Bps was 4,6% from our group of 260 patients 87,8% received BPs therapy and patients which haven’t received BPs 12,2%. From this group, 95,4% (248) didn’t show ONJ, and 4,6% (12) showed ONJ. The period of this treatment with BPs is an important risk factor for development of ONJ, average duration of BPs therapy in patients which show adverse effects is 26.8±13.7 months, from the total number of 12 patients that developed ONJ adverse effects, we have 8 patients which received treatment with Zolendronic acid and the remaining 4 patients which were treated with other BPs combinations without Zolendronic acid. All patients treated for MM must continue with the therapy with Zolendronic acid and Pamidronate, each patient must be individually treated according to his response of the treatment (dose, frequency and duration of therapy)

Genetic diversity within and between Chinese and Western pigs.

<p>(A) The genetic distance (D) between pairs of animals. Blue bars represent D within Chinese pigs; green bars represent D within Western pigs; red bars denote D between Chinese and Western pigs. (B) The neighbor-joining tree of the tested populations based on genome-wide allele sharing.</p

Autozygosity frequency distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in Chinese and Western pig populations.

<p>Autozygosity frequency distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in Chinese and Western pig populations.</p

Genome-wide distribution of log₁₀ Bayes factor values in two contrasts.

<p>(A) Tibetan pigs versus non-plateau pigs. (B) Belted pigs against non-belted pigs. The chromosomes are plotted along the x-axis, and log₁₀ Bayes factor values are plotted along the y-axis. Chromosomes are indicated by different colors, and the threshold indicating signature of selection is denoted with a dashed grey line. In the upper panel, three highlighted genes that are likely involved with Tibetan high-altitude adaptation are circled in red, and the gene names are labeled above. For the contrast analysis between belted pigs and non-belted pigs, the top signal was detected at the <i>EDNRB</i> locus that is indicated in the lower panel.</p

The geographic locations of Chinese pigs in the present study.

<p>BMX, Bamaxiang; DS, Dongshan; EHL, Erhualian; GX, Ganxi; JH, Jinhua; KL, Kele; MIN, Min; RC, Rongchang; SUT, Sutai; SZL, Shaziling; TC, Tongcheng; TG, Tibetan (Gansu); TT, Tibetan (Tibet); WB, Chinese wild boars.</p

Genetic Diversity, Linkage Disequilibrium and Selection Signatures in Chinese and Western Pigs Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Markers

<div><p>To investigate population structure, linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern and selection signature at the genome level in Chinese and Western pigs, we genotyped 304 unrelated animals from 18 diverse populations using porcine 60 K SNP chips. We confirmed the divergent evolution between Chinese and Western pigs and showed distinct topological structures of the tested populations. We acquired the evidence for the introgression of Western pigs into two Chinese pig breeds. Analysis of runs of homozygosity revealed that historical inbreeding reduced genetic variability in several Chinese breeds. We found that intrapopulation LD extents are roughly comparable between Chinese and Western pigs. However, interpopulation LD is much longer in Western pigs compared with Chinese pigs with average r²_0.3 values of 125 kb for Western pigs and only 10.5 kb for Chinese pigs. The finding indicates that higher-density markers are required to capture LD with causal variants in genome-wide association studies and genomic selection on Chinese pigs. Further, we looked across the genome to identify candidate loci under selection using <em>F_ST</em> outlier tests on two contrast samples: Tibetan pigs versus lowland pigs and belted pigs against non-belted pigs. Interestingly, we highlighted several genes including <em>ADAMTS12</em>, <em>SIM1</em> and <em>NOS1</em> that show signatures of natural selection in Tibetan pigs and are likely important for genetic adaptation to high altitude. Comparison of our findings with previous reports indicates that the underlying genetic basis for high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan pigs, Tibetan peoples and yaks is likely distinct from one another. Moreover, we identified the strongest signal of directional selection at the <em>EDNRB</em> loci in Chinese belted pigs, supporting <em>EDNRB</em> as a promising candidate gene for the white belt coat color in Chinese pigs. Altogether, our findings advance the understanding of the genome biology of Chinese and Western pigs.</p> </div

Data from: Genetic Diversity, Linkage Disequilibrium and Selection Signatures in Chinese and Western Pigs Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Markers

Dataset corresponds to the article: "Genetic Diversity, Linkage Disequilibrium and Selection Signatures in Chinese and Western Pigs Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Markers" Huashui Ai, Lusheng Huang, Jun Ren. For any correspondence, please address Lusheng Huang ([email protected]) Complete dataset contains 52,556 SNP genotypes for 304 individuals. Info_sample.txt file contains information about location (Origin) and population (POPname) for each sample. 304IDs.maf0.05.geno0.1.* files contains genotypes for samples included for all analyses in the paper (PLINK format)

Population structures of Chinese and Western pigs revealed by principal component analysis.

<p>Population structures of Chinese and Western pigs revealed by principal component analysis.</p

Sample size, genetic diversity and LD extent of 18 Chinese and Western pig populations.^a

a<p>N_SNP, the number of SNPs with MAF >0.2 in the 15,911 SNP subset; P_N, the proportion of SNP which displayed polymorphism in the 15,911 SNPs selected from the 60 K panel; A_R, allelic richness; H_E, expected heterozygosity. r² measures were calculated between all pairs of SNPs with MAF ≥10% and <10% missing data in each population.</p