Table_2.PDF

<p>Since seed reserves can influence seed germination, the quantitative and qualitative differences in seed reserves may relate to the germination characteristics of species. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the correlation between germination and seed reserves, as well as their mobilization during germination of six grassland species (Chloris virgata, Kochia scoparia, Lespedeza hedysaroides, Astragalus adsurgens, Leonurus artemisia, and Dracocephalum moldavica) and compare the results with domesticated species. We measured starch, protein, and fat content in dry seeds and the initial absorption of water during imbibition. Starch, soluble protein, fat, and soluble sugar content also were determined at five stages during germination. Starch, protein, and fat reserves in dry seeds were not significantly correlated with germination percentage and rate (speed), but soluble sugar and soluble protein contents at different germination stages were positively significantly correlated with germination rate for the six species. Starch was mainly used during seed imbibition, and soluble protein was used from the imbibition stage to the highest germination stage. Fat content for all species remained relatively constant throughout germination for six species, regardless of the proportion of other seed reserves in the seeds. Our results for fat utilization differ from those obtained for cultivated grasses and legumes. These results provide new insight on the role of seed reserves as energy resources in germination for wild species.</p

Table_1.PDF

<p>Since seed reserves can influence seed germination, the quantitative and qualitative differences in seed reserves may relate to the germination characteristics of species. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the correlation between germination and seed reserves, as well as their mobilization during germination of six grassland species (Chloris virgata, Kochia scoparia, Lespedeza hedysaroides, Astragalus adsurgens, Leonurus artemisia, and Dracocephalum moldavica) and compare the results with domesticated species. We measured starch, protein, and fat content in dry seeds and the initial absorption of water during imbibition. Starch, soluble protein, fat, and soluble sugar content also were determined at five stages during germination. Starch, protein, and fat reserves in dry seeds were not significantly correlated with germination percentage and rate (speed), but soluble sugar and soluble protein contents at different germination stages were positively significantly correlated with germination rate for the six species. Starch was mainly used during seed imbibition, and soluble protein was used from the imbibition stage to the highest germination stage. Fat content for all species remained relatively constant throughout germination for six species, regardless of the proportion of other seed reserves in the seeds. Our results for fat utilization differ from those obtained for cultivated grasses and legumes. These results provide new insight on the role of seed reserves as energy resources in germination for wild species.</p

Imaging of fixed and live cells expressing GFP fusion protein with CTD of Nrf1 or its mutants.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic of Six expression constructs for the GFP-CTD fusion protein and its mutants; these fusion proteins have been created by attachment of various lengths of CTD of Nrf1 to the C-terminus of GFP. (<b>B</b>) These indicated expression constructs each were transfected into COS-1 cells for 6 h. The cells were then allowed to recover from transfection in fresh medium for 18 h before being fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde and stained for the nuclear DNA by DAPI. The green signals from GFP were observed under confocal microscope and merged with the DNA-staining images. (<b>C</b> and <b>D</b>) Live-cell imaging of GFP-CTD and its mutant GFP-CTD^Δ731–741(lacking its basic c-tail). COS-1 cells had been transfected with expression constructs for either GFP-CTD (<b><i>C</i></b>) or GFP-CTD^Δ731–741 (<b><i>D</i></b>), together with the ER/DsRed marker, before being subjected to real-time live-cell imaging combined with the <i>in vivo</i> membrane protease protection assay. The cells were permeabilized by digitonin 20 µg/ml) for 10 min, before being co-incubated with PK (50 µg/ml) for 30 min. In the time course, real-time images were acquired using the Leica DMI-6000 microscopy system. The merged images of GFP with ER/DsRed are placed (on <i>the third raw of panels</i>), whereas changes in the intensity of their signals are shown graphically (<i>bottom</i>). Overall, the images shown herein are a representative of at least three independent experiments undertaken on separate occasions that were each performed in triplicate (n = 9). The <i>arrow</i> indicates a ‘hernia-like’ vesicle protruded from the cytoplasm.</p

Opposing regulation of ARE-driven reporter genes by distinct Nrf1 isoforms.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic shows structural domains of five different isoforms of Nrf1. Locations of ER-targeting signal, AD1 and PEST2 are also indicated within distinct domains. (<b>B</b>) Shows luciferase reporter gene activity measured from COS-1 cells that had been co-transfected with 1.2 µg of each expression construct for Nrf1 isoforms, together with 0.6 µg of <i>P_-1061/nqo1</i>-Luc (that is driven by the 1061-bp promoter of <i>Nqo1</i>) and 0.2 µg of β-gal plasmid. The data were calculated as a fold change (mean ± S.D) of transactivation by distinct Nrf1 isoforms. Significant increases ($, p<0.05 and$$, p<0.001, n = 9) and decreases (**, p<0.001, n = 9) in activity were calculated relatively to the background activity (obtained from transfection of cells with an empty pcDNA3 with reporter plasmids). (<b>C</b>) Total lysates of COS-1 cells expressing each of Nrf1 isoforms or Nrf2 were resolved by 12$, p<0.05 and $$, p<0.001, n = 9) and decreases (**, p<0.001, n = 9) in activity relatively to the background activity are indicated. (<b>E</b>) Total lysates of COS-1 cells co-transfected with expression constructs for Nrf1, Nrf1γ and/or Nrf2 alone or in combination (as indicated corresponding to those in panel D) was subject to separation by 4–12% LDS/NuPAGE in a Bis-Tris buffer system. The <i>upper two panels</i> represent similar images from different independent gels, on which location of Nrf2 migration is <i>arrowed</i>, whilst a non-specific protein band is <i>starred</i> (*). The position of the V5-tagged Nrf1 polypeptides of 120, 95, 85, 55, and 36 kDa is indicated. It is notable that the same proteins exhibit distinct mobilities on different electrophoric gels in different running buffer systems (<i>cf. </i><b><i>C</i></b><i> with </i><b><i>E</i></b>).</p

Live-cell imaging of both mutants GFP-CTD^{Δ723 −741} and GFP-CTD^Δ714–722.

<p>COS-1 cells co-expressing either GFP-CTD^{Δ723 −741} (<b>A</b>) or GFP-CTD^Δ714–722 (<b>B</b>), along with the ER/DsRed marker, were subjected to live-cell imaging combined with the <i>in vivo</i> membrane protease protection assay, as described above in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109159#pone-0109159-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>. The images shown herein are a representative of at least three independent experiments undertaken on separate occasions that were each performed in triplicate (n = 9).</p

Endogenous genes are up-regulated by Nrf1 and Nrf1β/LCR-F1 but also down-regulated by Nrf1γ and Nrf1δ.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Knockdown of Nrf1 by its targeting siRNA, which, along with a scramble siRNA (as an internal control), was transfected into HEK 293T cells as described previously <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109159#pone.0109159-Zhang2" target="_blank">[12]</a> (and maintained in our laboratory). Subsequently, changes in the mRNA expression of both the endogenous <i>Nrf1 per se</i> and Nrf1-target genes were analyzed by real-time qPCR. The data are shown as fold changes (mean ± S.D) in gene knockdown by Nrf1-siRNA relatively compared to the scramble value (1.0 set). Significant decreases (*p<0.005, **p<0.001, n = 9) in gene expression relatively to the basal level are indicated. (<b>B</b> to <b>D</b>) Expression constructs for Nrf1 (<b><i>B</i></b>), Nrf1β (<b><i>C</i></b>), Nrf1γ and Nrf1δ (<b><i>D</i></b>) (2 µg of cDNA each, along with an empty pcDNA3 control vector) were transfected into HEK 293T cells. Thereafter, alterations in the expression of Nrf1-target genes were determined by real-time qPCR, and were calculated as fold changes (mean ± S.D) in gene regulation by distinct Nrf1 isoforms when compared to the background (value of 1.0). Significant increases ($, p<0.05 and$$, p<0.001, n = 9) and decreases (*p<0.005, **p<0.001, n = 9) in gene expression relatively to the basal level are indicated. (<b>E</b> and <b>F</b>) Nrf1 and Nrf1β, Nrf1γ and Nrf1δ were restored into <i>Nrf1^−/−</i> MEFs, in which Nrf1 has been lost (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109159#pone.0109159.s003" target="_blank">Fig. S3</a>) before being transfected with expression constructs for distinct isoforms alone or in combination, which were indicated (+, 1 µg of cDNA; ++, 2 µg of cDNA). Subsequently, real-time qPCR was performed to determine changes in the expression of <i>GCLM</i> (<b><i>E</i></b>) and <i>PSMB6</i> (<b><i>F</i></b>). The data are presented as folds (mean ± S.D) relatively to the blank transfection with pcDNA3 alone (value of 1.0). Significant decreases (*p<0.005, **p<0.001, n = 9) in gene expression were calculated when compared to the level of genes regulated by Nrf1 or Nrf1β (<i>arrows</i>).</p

Nrf1 is negatively regulated by its CTD.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Diagrammatic representation of various lengths of CTD in Nrf1 and its mutants. The putative secondary structure of discrete regions within CTD is shown (<i>upper cartoon</i>). (<b>B</b>) Luciferase activity was measured from COS-1 cells had been transfected with each of expression constructs for Nrf1 or its mutants (1.2 µg), together with <i>P_SV40Nqo1</i>-ARE-Luc (0.6 µg) and β-gal plasmid (0.2 µg), and allowed to recover in fresh media for an additional 24 h before lysis. The data were calculated as a fold change (mean ± S.D) of transactivation by Nrf1 or its mutants. Significant increases ($, p<0.05 and$$, p<0.001, n = 9) and decreases (**, p<0.001, n = 9) in activity relatively to wild-type Nrf1 are indicated. (<b>C</b>) The above-prepared cell lysates (30 µg of protein) were resolved by gradient LDS/NuPAGE containing 4–12% polyacrylamide in a Bis-Tris buffer system and visualized by western blotting with antibody against the V5 epitope. The amount of proteins loaded into each electrophoresis sample well was adjusted to ensure equal loading of β-gal activity. An arrow indicates Nrf2 with a molecular mass of ∼80-kDa estimated (<i>upper panel</i>), whereas another arrow points to the brightly-contrasted band of ∼55-kDa Nrf1β (<i>middle panel</i>) that was cropped from the same gel as shown in the upper panel. GAPDH served as a protein-loading control (<i>lower panel</i>). It is notable that the same protein exhibits distinct mobility on different electrophoretic gels in different running buffer systems (<i>cf.</i> Figs. 2<b><i>C</i></b> with 5<b><i>C</i></b>). (<b>D</b>) COS-1 cells were co-transfected with 1.3 µg DNA of each of the above-described expression constructs and 0.2 µg of the ER/DsRed plasmid, and then allowed to recover from transfection for 24 h before being fixed. Subcellular location of proteins was examined by immunocytochemistry followed by confocal imaging. FITC-labelled second antibody was used to locate V5-tagged proteins. Nuclear DNA was stained by DAPI. The ER/DsRed gave a red image in the ER. The merge signal represents the results obtained when the three images were superimposed. (<b>E</b>) The quantitative data of imaging (corresponding to those shown in panel <b>D</b>) were calculated by determining the percentage of cells (at least 200 cells counted) in which the extra-nuclear stain, i.e. cytoplasmic plus ER (called simply C) was greater than or equal to the nuclear stain (called N), as opposed to the percentage of cells in which the extra-nuclear stain was less than the nuclear stain. Bar = 20 µm.</p

The Neh3L-containing CTD of Nrf1 is conserved in the CNC-bZIP family.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic representation of discrete domains of Nrf1 and Nrf2. Locations of the ER signal, transactivation domains (TADs, including AD1, NST and AD2), DNA-binding domain (DBD, including CNC and bZIP) are indicated within Nrf1. The Neh3L region is situated within the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Nrf1. The positive regulation of Nrf2 by its Neh3 domain occurs through direct interaction with CHD6 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109159#pone.0109159-Nioi1" target="_blank">[37]</a>, but it is not identified as one of Nrf1-interacting proteins <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109159#pone.0109159-Tsuchiya2" target="_blank">[71]</a>. (<b>B</b>) An alignment of amino acids covering CTD in Nrf1 and other CNC-bZIP factors with ER-resident proteins. The CNC family comprises both water-soluble members (i.e. NF-E2p45 and Nrf2) and membrane-bound NHB1-CNC members (including Nrf1, TCF11, Nrf3, CncC, and Skn-1, albeit the latter lacks both the corresponding ZIP and Neh3L regions). The distinction between Neh3L and Neh3 from Nrf1 and Nrf2 is attributable to different positioning relatively to membranes. Amongst the NHB1-CNC proteins, the core Neh3L is conserved with an ER-resident protein, omeg-3 fatty acid desaturase (O3FADS). Its N-terminally flanking CRAC motif is present in Nrf1 (numbered as CRAC5), TCF11 and Nrf3, but is absent from other members. The C-terminal basic cluster is predicted to possess an ER-retention signal (K/RxK/R), which ensembles to those in calnexin (CNX), O3FADS and Rit (Ras-like protein in all tissues). The conversed hydrophobic pentapeptide is boxed due to the representative in Nrf2 that is essential for its interaction with CHD6 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109159#pone.0109159-Nioi1" target="_blank">[37]</a>. (<b>C</b>) Bioinformatic prediction of three discrete regions within CTD of Nrf1. It is proposed that both CRAC5 and TMc sequences could be wheeled into two relative stable amphipathic helices only upon interaction with amphipathic membranes, whilst a positively-charged helix folded by the basic C-terminal peptide could interact electrically with the putative negatively-charged head group of membrane lipids. Three physico-chemical parameters related with the helical folding (i.e. aliphaticity, hydropathicity and amphipathicity) were calculated using the ProParam tool (<a href="http://web.expasy.org/protparam/" target="_blank">http://web.expasy.org/protparam/</a>).</p

Changed processing of Nrf1 in <i>DDI1/2</i>-deficient cells, but with no different xenograft models.

(A) HepG2-derived DDI1–∕–cells were initially identified by their genomic DNA-sequencing. The results were shown graphically, along with the alignment of two mutant alleles and wild-type (WT). (B, C) In contrast with WT cells, DDI1–∕–cells were further determined by real-time qPCR (B, shown by mean ± S.D. n = 3×3; *, pC), respectively. (D) No different phenotypes of xenograft tumors in nude mice were observed after murine subcutaneous inoculation of WT and DDI1–∕–(DDI2insC) hepatoma cells. (D) No differences in both tumorigenesis and in vivo growth between WT and DDI1/2-deficient and xenograft tumors were measured in size every two days, before being sacrificed. The results are shown as mean ± S.D. (n = 5). (F) The pathohistological images were obtained by routine HE staining of the aforementioned xenograft tumor tissues. (G, H) Both lines of WT and KO (i.e. DDI1–∕–DDI2insC) cells were treated with MG132 at 0, 1 or 10 μM for 24 h (G, H) or 4 h (H), and then subjected to Western blotting with distinct antibodies against Nrf1, DDI1 or DDI2. In addition, a long-term exposed image was cropped from part of the corresponding gel (G). These results are representative of at least three independent experiments, each of which was performed in triplicates.</p

A supplement file containing S1-S4 Figs and S1 Table.

A supplement file containing S1-S4 Figs and S1 Table.</p