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S-Duality in Gauge Theories as a Canonical Transformation
We show that S-duality in four dimensional non-supersymmetric abelian gauge
theories can be formulated as a canonical transformation in the phase space of
the theory. This transformation is the usual interchange between electric and
magnetic degrees of freedom. It is shown that in phase space the modular
anomaly emerges as the result of integrating out the momenta degrees of
freedom. The generalization to d dimensional abelian gauge theories of p forms
is also considered. In the case of non-abelian gauge theories a careful
analysis of the constraints implied by the canonical transformation shows that
it does not relate Yang-Mills theories with inverted couplings. In fact the
dual theory is shown to be of Freedman- Townsend's type, also with , .Comment: 13 pages, latex file, important changes in the non-abelian case. Some
references adde
Duality and Canonical Transformations
We present a brief review on the canonical transformation description of some
duality symmetries in string and gauge theories. In particular, we consider
abelian and non-abelian T-dualities in closed and open string theories as well
as S-duality in abelian and non-abelian non-supersymmetric gauge theories.Comment: 21 pgs, latex file, talk given at the Argonne Duality Institute, June
27-July 12, 1996, to appear in the e-proceeding
Stephen J. Hoffman, Plaintiff, vs. Carefirst of Fort Wayne, Inc., d/b/a Advanced Healthcare, Defendant.
Savage Desert, American Garden: citrus labels and the selling of California, 1877-1929
In 1877, a year after the railroad reached Southern California, the first shipment of California oranges left the Los Angeles groves of William Wolfskill, bound for St. Louis, Missouri. The box-ends were branded âWolfskill California Orangesâ, ensuring that the geographical origins of the fruit were emphasised from the very beginning of their exportation to the Midwest and East. During the 1880s, the innovations of irrigation and refrigerated cars combined with new railroads, massive in-migration and land development to turn California into, in Douglas Sackmanâs words, an âorange empireâ. By 1900, this empire had surpassed Florida as the United Statesâ leading producer of fruit, while, as one historian explains, âthe orange crop had passed the cash returns from goldâ found in California. From virtually none a few decades earlier, the average American in 1914 ate over 40 oranges per year, and orange juice had become part of the standard American breakfast. By then some thirty thousand railroad carloadsâapproximately twelve million orange cratesâvalued at $20 million, were steaming east from the Golden State each year. Adorning these crates were, in the words of Kevin Starr, âthe inventive labelsâ whose âselling of California along with oranges as an image in the national imaginationâ are the focus of this article
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