Elaboración de embutido cárnico curado sellado al vacío con pomasa de manzana (Malus domestica) y su valoración nutricional y sensorial

The research was to compare 4 treatments with different percentages of vegetable fiber added, replacing animal fat, determining objectives, to use apple pomade as source of fiber in replace to meat sausage pork fat, assessment of nutritional recovery as fiber, fats, sugars and phenols; sensory attributes acceptability evaluate the presence of coliform bacteria, the sausage of pork including pomade apple (Malus domestica). The treatments were evaluated according to the goals set during the days 2, 15 and 30, to be processed, the results of nutritional analyzes showed differences in treatments with higher content of pomace, increasing the amount of fiber and mainly by decreasing the content fat. Regarding perceived by trained panelists thirteen observed differences in evaluating sensory attributes such as texture and acceptability of processed sausages when as much pomade apple was used. The results of microbiological analyzes met the requirements of the sanitary regulation of food Chile. The addition until 3% of apple pomade exhibited a higher score on the acceptability of the product.La investigación consistió en comparar 4 tratamientos con diferentes porcentajes de fibra vegetal adicionada, en reemplazo de la grasa animal, determinando como objetivos, utilizar pomasa de manzana como fuente de fibra y reemplazo de grasa animal en embutidos de cerdo, valorización nutricional; fibra, grasas, azúcares y fenoles; atributos sensoriales y aceptabilidad; presencia de bacterias coliformes, del embutido de carne de cerdo con inclusión de pomasa de manzana (Malus domestica). Los tratamientos fueron evaluados según los objetivos planteados durante los días 2, 15 y 30, de ser elaborados, los resultados obtenidos en los análisis nutricionales demostraron diferencias en los tratamientos con mayor contenido de pomasa, aumentando la cantidad de fibra y disminuyendo principalmente el contenido de grasa. En relación con lo percibido por los trece panelistas entrenados, se observaron diferencias al evaluar atributos sensoriales como la textura y la aceptabilidad de los embutidos elaborados, cuando se utilizó la mayor cantidad de pomasa de manzana. Los resultados de los análisis microbiológicos cumplieron con lo exigido por el reglamento sanitario de los alimentos de Chile. La adición de hasta un 3% de pomasa de manzana fue sensorialmente aceptada en el producto.Fil: Loyola, Nelson. Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Dpto. de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Acuña, Carlos. Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Dpto. de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Fuentes, Diego. Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Dpto. de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Arriola, Mariela. Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Dpto. de Ciencias Agraria

Long-term analysis of GOME in-flight calibration parameters and instrument degradation

Since 1995, the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) has measured solar and backscattered spectra in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength range. Now, the extensive data set of the most important calibration parameters has been investigated thoroughly in order to analyze the long-term stability and performance of the instrument. This study focuses on GOME in-flight calibration and degradation for the solar path. Monitoring the sensor degradation yields an intensity decrease of 70% to 90% in 240–316nm and 35% to 65% in 311–415 nm. The spectral calibration is very stable over the whole period, although a very complex interaction between predisperser temperature and wavelength was found. The leakage current and the pixel-to-pixel gain increased significantly during the mission, which requires an accurate correction of the measured radiance and irradiance signals using proper calibration parameters. Finally, several outliers in the data sets can be directly assigned to instrument and satellite anomalies

Influence of Tillage and Liming on N2O emission from a rainfed crop

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the main greenhouse gas (GHG) produced by agricultural soils due to microbial processes. The application of N fertilizers is associated with an increase of N2O losses. However, it is possible to mitigate these emissions by the introduction of adequate management practices (Snyder et al., 2009). Soil conservation practices (i.e.no tillage, NT) have recently become widespread because they promote several positive effects (increases in soil organic carbonand soil fertility, reduction of soil erosion, etc). In terms of GHG emissions, there is no consensus in the literature on the effects of tillage on N2O. Several studies found that NT can produce greater (Baggs et al., 2003), lower (Malhi et al., 2006) or similar (Grandey et al., 2006) N2O emissions compared to traditional tillage (TT). This large uncertainty is associated with the duration of tillage practices and climatic variability. Liming is widely use to solve problems of soil acidity (Al toxicity, yield penalties, etc). Several studies show a decrease in N2O emissions with liming (Barton et al., 2013) whereas no significant effects or increases were observed in others (Galbally et al., 2010). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of tillage (NT vs TT) and liming application or not of Ca-amendment) on N2O emissions from an acid soil during a rainfed crop

Trends of tropical tropospheric ozone from 20 years of European satellite measurements and perspectives for the Sentinel-5 Precursor

In preparation of the TROPOMI/S5P launch in early 2017, a tropospheric ozone retrieval based on the convective cloud differential method was developed. For intensive tests we applied the algorithm to the total ozone columns and cloud data of the satellite instruments GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2A and GOME-2B. Thereby a time series of 20 years (1995–2015) of tropospheric column ozone was generated. To have a consistent total ozone data set for all sensors, one common retrieval algorithm, namely GODFITv3, was applied and the L1 reflectances were also soft calibrated. The total ozone columns and the cloud data were input into the tropospheric ozone retrieval. However, the tropical tropospheric column ozone (TCO) for the individual instruments still showed small differences and, therefore, we harmonised the data set. For this purpose, a multilinear function was fitted to the averaged difference between SCIAMACHY's TCO and those from the other sensors. The original TCO was corrected by the fitted offset. GOME-2B data were corrected relative to the harmonised data from OMI and GOME-2A. The harmonisation leads to a better agreement between the different instruments. Also, a direct comparison of the TCO in the overlapping periods proves that GOME-2A agrees much better with SCIAMACHY after the harmonisation. The improvements for OMI were small. Based on the harmonised observations, we created a merged data product, containing the TCO from July 1995 to December 2015. A first application of this 20-year record is a trend analysis. The tropical trend is 0.7 ± 0.12 DU decade−1. Regionally the trends reach up to 1.8 DU decade−1 like on the African Atlantic coast, while over the western Pacific the tropospheric ozone declined over the last 20 years with up to 0.8 DU decade−1. The tropical tropospheric data record will be extended in the future with the TROPOMI/S5P data, where the TCO is part of the operational products

Using Neural Networks to Improve the Performance of Radiative Transfer Modeling Used for Geometry Dependent Surface Lambertian-Equivalent Reflectivity Calculations

Surface Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (LER) is important for trace gas retrievals in the direct calculation of cloud fractions and indirect calculation of the air mass factor. Current trace gas retrievals use climatological surface LER's. Surface properties that impact the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) as well as varying satellite viewing geometry can be important for retrieval of trace gases. Geometry Dependent LER (GLER) captures these effects with its calculation of sun normalized radiances (I/F) and can be used in current LER algorithms (Vasilkov et al. 2016). Pixel by pixel radiative transfer calculations are computationally expensive for large datasets. Modern satellite missions such as the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) produce very large datasets as they take measurements at much higher spatial and spectral resolutions. Look up table (LUT) interpolation improves the speed of radiative transfer calculations but complexity increases for non-linear functions. Neural networks perform fast calculations and can accurately predict both non-linear and linear functions with little effort

Global long-term monitoring of the ozone layer - a prerequisite for predictions

Although the Montreal Protocol now controls the production and emission of ozone depleting substances, the timing of ozone recovery is unclear. There are many other factors affecting the ozone layer, in particular climate change is expected to modify the speed of re-creation of the ozone layer. Therefore, long-term observations are needed to monitor the further evolution of the stratospheric ozone layer. Measurements from satellite instruments provide global coverage and are supplementary to selective ground-based observations. The combination of data derived from different space-borne instruments is needed to produce homogeneous and consistent long-term data records. They are required for robust investigations including trend analysis. For the first time global total ozone columns from three European satellite sensors GOME (ERS-2), SCIAMACHY (ENVISAT), and GOME-2 (METOP-A) are combined and added up to a continuous time series starting in June 1995. On the one hand it is important to monitor the consequences of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments; on the other hand multi-year observations provide the basis for the evaluation of numerical models describing atmospheric processes, which are also used for prognostic studies to assess the future development. This paper gives some examples of how to use satellite data products to evaluate model results with respective data derived from observations, and to disclose the abilities and deficiencies of atmospheric models. In particular, multi-year mean values derived from the Chemistry-Climate Model E39C-A are used to check climatological values and the respective standard deviations

Comparación de la deformación, fuerza máxima y fuerza de rotura entre tres miniplacas de osteosíntesis utilizadas para tracción ortodóntica, estudio piloto

El anclaje esquelético significó un cambio significativo en la biomecánica del movimiento dentario, ya que permite un anclaje fijo y estable en los tratamientos de ortodoncia. Uno de los dispositivos de uso más frecuente en esta práctica clínica son las miniplacas de titanio, las cuales presentan ventajas comparativas que les dan mayor versatilidad y estabilidad con respecto a otras alternativas. La variedad de miniplacas en el mercado, hacen necesario conocer las propiedades mecánicas de estas para determinar la mejor alternativa terapéutica del caso en particular, en esta misma perspectiva se espera que este conocimiento sea una herramienta que permita mayores tasas de éxito clínico, como también reducir los costos de atención. Materiales y métodos: Se sometió a prueba de tracción en máquina de ensayo universal de acuerdo con la norma ASTM International E8M a tres tipos de miniplacas comercializadas en Chile (Bone Plate, Osteomed y Anchorfix), hasta el punto de fractura para determinar y comparar la deformación, fuerza máxima y fuerza de rotura; posteriormente se realizó análisis estadístico mediante test de ANOVA y post hoc con corrección de Bonferroni; Kruskal-Wallis y Mann Whitney según correspondiera. Resultados: Al comparar las miniplacas entre sí, se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en su fuerza máxima (F = 365,6216; p = 0), fuerza de rotura (F = 163,245; p < 0,00001), deformación hasta la rotura (F = 5,530; p = 0,01) y deformación relativa hasta la rotura (H = 8,223; p = 0,016). En donde Osteomed presentó los valores más bajos, tanto en fuerza (fuerza máxima: 460,15 N (± 11,63) y fuerza de rotura: 371,28 N (±32,15)) y deformación (3,15 mm (±0,48), 48,48% (±7,40)); y Bone Plate los valores más altos de fuerza (fuerza máxima: 815,90 N (± 12,22) y fuerza de rotura: 722,77 N (±27,28)). Conclusión: Existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la fuerza máxima y fuerza de rotura, como también en la deformación de rotura entre los tipos de miniplacas evaluados, sin embargo, todas las miniplacas tienen valores compatibles y seguros para su uso en ortodoncia.Adscrito a Proyecto PRI-ODO 2021/13Versión original del autor01/03/202

Study on the Level of Knowledge in Dental Medical Emergencies of Dentistry Students through Neutrosophic Values

Abstract. This research carries out an analysis of the level of knowledge in dental medical emergencies of tenth semester dentistry students at Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes UNIANDES, during the academic period April-August 2019, related to the reception of first aid courses. For this purpose, we made use of the neutrosophic theory, through the application of the single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) associated to linguistic variables to evaluate the students' answers to the applied questionnaire. As a main result, we obtained a negative evaluation of the level of knowledge of dental medical emergencies for the students who have not received the first aid course